Bioprinting is an emerging technology with various applications in making functional tissue constructs to replace injured or diseased tissues. It is a relatively new approach that provides high reproducibility and precise control over the fabricated constructs in an automated manner, potentially enabling high-throughput production. During the bioprinting process, a solution of a biomaterial or a mixture of several biomaterials in the hydrogel form, usually encapsulating the desired cell types, termed the bioink, is used for creating tissue constructs. This bioink can be cross-linked or stabilized during or immediately after bioprinting to generate the final shape, structure, and architecture of the designed construct. Bioinks may be made from natural or synthetic biomaterials alone, or a combination of the two as hybrid materials. In certain cases, cell aggregates without any additional biomaterials can also be adopted for use as a bioink for bioprinting processes. An ideal bioink should possess proper mechanical, rheological, and biological properties of the target tissues, which are essential to ensure correct functionality of the bioprinted tissues and organs. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of the different bioinks currently employed for bioprinting, and outline some future perspectives in their further development.

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用于 3D 生物打印的生物墨水：概述

生物打印是一种新兴技术，在制造功能性组织结构以替代受伤或患病组织方面具有多种应用。这是一种相对较新的方法，能够以自动化方式对制造的结构提供高再现性和精确控制，从而有可能实现高通量生产。在生物打印过程中，水凝胶形式的生物材料溶液或几种生物材料的混合物通常封装所需的细胞类型，称为生物墨水，用于创建组织构建体。这种生物墨水可以在生物打印期间或之后立即交联或稳定，以生成设计构建体的最终形状、结构和架构。生物墨水可以单独由天然或合成生物材料制成，也可以由两者的组合作为混合材料制成。在某些情况下，无需任何额外生物材料的细胞聚集体也可以用作生物打印过程的生物墨水。理想的生物墨水应具有目标组织适当的机械、流变和生物学特性，这对于确保生物打印组织和器官的正确功能至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们深入讨论了目前用于生物打印的不同生物墨水，并概述了其进一步发展的一些未来前景。