A growing body of literature is associating excessive and addictive use of digital media with physical, psychological, social and neurological adverse consequences. Research is focusing more on mobile devices use, and studies suggest that duration, content, after-dark-use, media type and the number of devices are key components determining screen time effects. Physical health effects: excessive screen time is associated with poor sleep and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as high blood pressure, obesity, low HDL cholesterol, poor stress regulation (high sympathetic arousal and cortisol dysregulation), and Insulin Resistance. Other physical health consequences include impaired vision and reduced bone density. Psychological effects: internalizing and externalizing behavior is related to poor sleep. Depressive symptoms and suicidal are associated to screen time induced poor sleep, digital device night use, and mobile phone dependency. ADHD-related behavior was linked to sleep problems, overall screen time, and violent and fast-paced content which activates dopamine and the reward pathways. Early and prolonged exposure to violent content is also linked to risk for antisocial behavior and decreased prosocial behavior. Psychoneurological effects: addictive screen time use decreases social coping and involves craving behavior which resembles substance dependence behavior. Brain structural changes related to cognitive control and emotional regulation are associated with digital media addictive behavior. A case study of a treatment of an ADHD diagnosed 9-year-old boy suggests screen time induced ADHD-related behavior could be inaccurately diagnosed as ADHD. Screen time reduction is effective in decreasing ADHD-related behavior.

Conclusions

Components crucial for psychophysiological resilience are none-wandering mind (typical of ADHD-related behavior), good social coping and attachment, and good physical health. Excessive digital media use by children and adolescents appears as a major factor which may hamper the formation of sound psychophysiological resilience.

中文翻译：

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放映时间对儿童和青少年的不良生理和心理影响：文献复习和案例研究

越来越多的文献将数字媒体的过度使用和令人上瘾的使用与身体，心理，社会和神经学方面的不良后果联系在一起。研究更多地集中在移动设备的使用上，研究表明持续时间，内容，黑暗后使用，媒体类型和设备数量是决定屏幕时间影响的关键因素。身体健康影响：筛查时间过长与睡眠不足和心血管疾病的危险因素有关，例如高血压，肥胖，HDL胆固醇低，压力调节差（高交感唤醒和皮质醇调节异常）和胰岛素抵抗。其他身体健康后果包括视力受损和骨密度降低。心理影响：内在化和外在化的行为与睡眠不足有关。抑郁症状和自杀与屏幕时间导致的睡眠不足，数字设备夜间使用以及对手机的依赖性有关。与多动症相关的行为与睡眠问题，总体屏幕时间以及激活多巴胺和奖励途径的暴力快节奏内容有关。早期和长时间接触暴力内容还与反社会行为和亲社会行为减少的风险有关。心理神经病学效果：上瘾的放映时间的使用会减少社交压力，并涉及渴望行为，类似于物质依赖行为。与认知控制和情绪调节有关的大脑结构变化与数字媒体成瘾行为有关。一项对被诊断为ADHD的9岁男孩进行治疗的案例研究表明，筛查时间诱发的与ADHD相关的行为可能被错误地诊断为ADHD。减少屏幕时间可有效减少与ADHD相关的行为。

结论

对心理生理适应力至关重要的组成部分是无懈可击的头脑（典型的多动症相关行为），良好的社交应对和依恋以及良好的身体健康。儿童和青少年过度使用数字媒体似乎是可能阻碍良好的心理生理弹性形成的主要因素。