Climate change and chemical contamination are global environmental threats of growing concern for the scientific community and regulatory authorities. Yet, the impacts and interactions of both stressors (particularly ocean warming and emerging chemical contaminants) on physiological responses of marine organisms remain unclear and still require further understanding. Within this context, the main goal of this study was to assess, for the first time, the effects of warming (+ 5 °C) and accumulation of a polybrominated diphenyl ether congener (BDE-209, brominated flame retardant) through dietary exposure on energy budget of the juvenile white seabream (Diplodus sargus). Specifically, growth (G), routine metabolism (R), excretion (faecal, F and nitrogenous losses, U) and food consumption (C) were calculated to obtain the energy budget. The results demonstrated that the energy proportion spent for G dominated the mode of the energy allocation of juvenile white seabream (56.0–67.8%), especially under the combined effect of warming plus BDE-209 exposure. Under all treatments, the energy channelled for R varied around 26% and a much smaller percentage was channelled for excretion (F: 4.3–16.0% and U: 2.3–3.3%). An opposite trend to G was observed to F, where the highest percentage (16.0 ± 0.9%) was found under control temperature and BDE-209 exposure via diet. In general, the parameters were significantly affected by increased temperature and flame retardant exposure, where higher levels occurred for: i) wet weight, relative growth rate, protein and ash contents under warming conditions, ii) only for O:N ratio under BDE-209 exposure via diet, and iii) for feed efficiency, ammonia excretion rate, routine metabolic rate and assimilation efficiency under the combination of both stressors. On the other hand, decreased viscerosomatic index was observed under warming and lower fat content was observed under the combined effect of both stressors. Overall, under future warming and chemical contamination conditions, fish energy budget was greatly affected, which may dictate negative cascading impacts at population and community levels. Further research combining other climate change stressors (e.g. acidification and hypoxia) and emerging chemical contaminants are needed to better understand and forecast such biological effects in a changing ocean.

气候变化和化学污染是科学界和监管机构日益关注的全球环境威胁。然而，两种压力源（特别是海洋变暖和新出现的化学污染物）对海洋生物的生理反应的影响和相互作用仍不清楚，仍需进一步了解。在此背景下，本研究的主要目标是首次通过饮食接触来评估变暖（+ 5°C）和多溴二苯醚同源物（BDE-209，溴化阻燃剂）积累的影响。少年白鲷（Diplodus sargus）的能量收支）。具体来说，计算生长量（G），常规代谢量（R），排泄物（粪便，F和氮损失，U）和食物消耗量（C），以获得能量预算。结果表明，花在G上的能量比例主导了幼白鲷的能量分配模式（56.0–67.8％），尤其是在变暖加上BDE-209暴露的综合影响下。在所有处理下，R的能量通道变化约为26％，而排泄的能量百分比要小得多（F：4.3–16.0％和U：2.3–3.3％）。观察到与F相反的G趋势，在对照温度和通过饮食摄入BDE-209的情况下发现最高百分比（16.0±0.9％）。通常，温度和阻燃剂暴露量的增加会对参数产生显着影响，其中i）湿重，升温条件下的相对生长速率，蛋白质和灰分含量； ii）仅针对通过饮食接触BDE-209的O：N比，以及iii）两者结合时的饲料效率，氨排泄率，常规代谢率和同化效率压力源。另一方面，在变暖的情况下，内脏指数降低，而在两种应激源的共同作用下，脂肪含量降低。总体而言，在未来变暖和化学污染的情况下，鱼的能源预算受到很大影响，这可能会在人口和社区层面造成负面的连锁影响。需要开展进一步的研究，将其他气候变化压力源（例如酸化和缺氧）与新出现的化学污染物相结合，以更好地了解和预测不断变化的海洋中的此类生物效应。