Abstract In this work, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was modified using electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and then hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNPs) were generated onto rGO/PGE by electrodeposition of cobalt and after that galvanic displacement reaction of cobalt nanoparticles with Au3+ ions. In this way, hollow gold nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide/pencil graphite electrode (HGNPs/rGO/PGE) was constructed and used for sensitive voltammetric determination of ceftizoxime (CFX). The design experiment as a central composite design (CCD) methodology was developed as the experimental strategy for optimization of the influence of variables on the performance of modified electrode. The modified electrode was characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and choronocoulometry. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and adsorptive differential pulse voltammetry (AdDPV) methods were utilized to survey the electrochemical action of CFX on the modified electrode. The linear dynamic range was 1.0 × 10 - 12 M to 1.0 × 10 - 11 M and 1.0 × 10 - 11 M to 1.0 × 10 - 9 M with a detection limit of 3.5 × 10−13 M. The existent method was employed to the determination of CFX in pharmaceutical and biological samples.

中文翻译：

---

空心金纳米颗粒/还原氧化石墨烯修饰铅笔状石墨电极超灵敏测定头孢唑肟

摘要 在这项工作中，使用电化学还原氧化石墨烯 (rGO) 修饰铅笔石墨电极 (PGE)，然后通过电沉积钴在 rGO/PGE 上生成空心金纳米粒子 (HGNPs)，然后钴纳米粒子与Au3+ 离子。通过这种方式，构建了空心金纳米颗粒/还原氧化石墨烯/铅笔石墨电极（HGNPs/rGO/PGE）并用于头孢唑肟（CFX）的灵敏伏安测定。作为中心复合设计 (CCD) 方法的设计实验被开发为优化变量对修饰电极性能影响的实验策略。使用电化学阻抗谱 (EIS)、场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM)、透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 和计时库仑法。利用循环伏安法 (CV) 和吸附微分脉冲伏安法 (AdDPV) 方法来研究 CFX 对修饰电极的电化学作用。线性动态范围为 1.0 × 10 - 12 M 至 1.0 × 10 - 11 M 和 1.0 × 10 - 11 M 至 1.0 × 10 - 9 M，检出限为 3.5 × 10−13 M。测定药物和生物样品中的 CFX。