Mixed-valent iron [Fe(II)-Fe(III)] minerals such as magnetite and green rust have received a significant amount of attention over recent decades, especially in the environmental sciences. These mineral phases are intrinsic and essential parts of biogeochemical cycling of metals and organic carbon and play an important role regarding the mobility, toxicity, and redox transformation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The formation pathways, mineral properties, and applications of magnetite and green rust are currently active areas of research in geochemistry, environmental mineralogy, geomicrobiology, material sciences, environmental engineering, and environmental remediation. These aspects ultimately dictate the reactivity of magnetite and green rust in the environment, which has important consequences for the application of these mineral phases, for example in remediation strategies. In this review we discuss the properties, occurrence, formation by biotic as well as abiotic pathways, characterization techniques, and environmental applications of magnetite and green rust in the environment. The aim is to present a detailed overview of the key aspects related to these mineral phases which can be used as an important resource for researchers working in a diverse range of fields dealing with mixed-valent iron minerals.

中文翻译：

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磁铁矿和绿锈：混合价铁矿物质的合成，性质和环境应用

近几十年来，混合价铁[Fe（II）-Fe（III）]矿物（如磁铁矿和绿锈）受到了广泛关注，尤其是在环境科学领域。这些矿物相是金属和有机碳生物地球化学循环的内在和必不可少的部分，并且在有机和无机污染物的迁移率，毒性和氧化还原转化方面起着重要作用。磁铁矿和绿锈的形成途径，矿物特性以及应用是当前在地球化学，环境矿物学，地球微生物学，材料科学，环境工程和环境修复方面研究的活跃领域。这些方面最终决定了磁铁矿和绿锈在环境中的反应性，这对于这些矿物相的应用具有重要的意义，例如在补救策略中。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了磁铁矿和绿锈在环境中的性质，发生，通过生物以及非生物途径形成，表征技术以及在环境中的应用。目的是提供与这些矿物相有关的关键方面的详细概述，可以用作研究混合价铁矿物质的各个领域的研究人员的重要资源。