In this study, a two-photon active DiphenthioER1 was screened from the four pyridinium sulfonate salt derivatives (TriphenER1-2 and DiphenthioER1-2) for imaging endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and tracking the dynamics of the ER morphology. The photophysical properties of TriphenER1-2 and DiphenthioER1-2 were systemically investigated both experimentally and theoretically, revealing that they possess large Stokes shifts, and large two-photon absorption cross-sections from 163 GM to 2023 GM in the near infrared region using a Z-scan method by avoiding spontaneous fluorescence, deep tissue penetration, and low cell damage in living cells. Among them, the DiphenthioER1 compound was found to exhibit the highest cellular uptake ability and two-photon fluorescence signals using confocal microscopy. DiphenthioER1 successfully targeted the ER and induced ER-stress, subsequently nuclear misshaping and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis have been displayed. This study thus provides great insights into designing novel two-photon fluorescent materials with dual functionality and offers tools to understand the ER-stress related mechanism for cell and chemical biologists.

中文翻译：

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一系列针对内质网（ER）的双光子吸收吡啶鎓磺酸盐内盐，诱导癌细胞的细胞应激和线粒体介导的细胞凋亡†

在这项研究中，从四个吡啶鎓磺酸盐衍生物（TriphenER1-2和DiphenthioER1-2）中筛选出具有两个光子活性的DiphenthioER1，以成像内质网（ER）并跟踪ER形态的动力学。对TriphenER1-2和DiphenthioER1-2的光物理性质进行了实验和理论研究，发现它们具有较大的斯托克斯位移，并且使用Z在近红外区域具有从163 GM到2023 GM的大两个光子吸收截面。扫描方法，避免了自发荧光，深层组织穿透和活细胞中的低细胞损伤。其中，DiphenthioER1使用共聚焦显微镜发现该化合物表现出最高的细胞摄取能力和两光子荧光信号。DiphenthioER1成功地靶向内质网并诱导内质网应激，随后显示了核错配和线粒体介导的细胞凋亡。因此，这项研究为设计具有双重功能的新型双光子荧光材料提供了深刻的见解，并为了解细胞和化学生物学家与ER应激相关的机制提供了工具。