Abstract The Royal Museums of Art and History of Brussels holds six coffins of the 21st Dynasty coming from a single discovery, the Second Cachette of Deir el-Bahari (Bab el-Gasus) (L. Delvaux & I. Therasse, Sarcophages. Sous les etoiles de Nout, Bruxelles 2015, p. 83–111). Since their discovery in 1891, their rich decorations have been subjected to deep manipulations during the years. In 2014, six coffins and four mummy-covers, the entire collection of the 21st Dynasty, were entrusted to the European Institute of Restoration for their diagnosis and restoration. In 2015, one compete coffin (composed by the external coffin, the internal one and the mummy cover) were the subject of a first targeted diagnostic campaign at the European Institute of Restoration laboratories. On this occasion, non-invasive in situ analyses have been performed on more than one hundred measuring points of the complete object, considering the five decorated parts (the two wooden anthropoid coffins composed by lid and base and the mummy-cover) showing both different technical features and pictorial materials. After a preliminary phase of analysis by imaging techniques such as Infrared Reflectography and Visible Fluorescence induced by UV, the pigments and binders were examined exploiting the synergy between four complementary techniques, namely EDXRF (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence), FORS (fibre optics reflectance spectroscopy), reflection FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The application of techniques with different penetration depths on more than one hundred points allowed to detect the stratigraphic sequences without sampling, opening to the interesting application to off-limits masterpieces. Based on imaging techniques, the painted surfaces showed areas with different features: dark areas with no UV fluorescence and low reflectance in IR, bright UV fluorescence and high IR reflectance (wavelength > 700 nm) and low-intensity UV fluorescence again with high reflectance in the infrared region. Such zones can be linked to the presence or absence of marker chemical elements (for instance Ba or Ti) or compounds that give hints about the presence and the period of the restorations. In these areas, an overlapping of a modern layer on the ancient and original one is the most probable current status of the pictorial stratigraphy. Original identified pigments include Egyptian blue, copper-based green, calcium carbonate and Red Ochre on an underlying Orpiment yellow layer. In the areas considered as already restored in the past on the bases of the analytical results, we find Azurite, Prussian blue, Egyptian Blue, Vermillion, Red Ochre, Chrome Red, Chrome Green, copper-based green, Zinc Yellow and Lead White. A layer composed of a natural resin was also detected by in-situ FTIR measurements; the resin could be more precisely identified as mastic by laboratory analyses.

中文翻译：

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使用综合非侵入性分析对 21 世纪埃及棺材上的旧修复物进行色素表征和间接测年

摘要 布鲁塞尔皇家艺术与历史博物馆收藏了来自一个发现的第 21 王朝的六个棺材，Deir el-Bahari (Bab el-Gasus) (L. Delvaux & I. Therasse, Sarcophages. Sous les etoiles de Nout，布鲁塞尔，2015 年，第 83-111 页）。自 1891 年被发现以来，它们丰富的装饰多年来一直受到深度的处理。2014年，第21王朝全部收藏的6具棺材和4具木乃伊盖被委托给欧洲修复研究所进行诊断和修复。2015 年，一个竞争棺材（由外部棺材、内部棺材和木乃伊盖组成）成为欧洲修复研究所实验室第一次有针对性的诊断活动的主题。在这种场合，考虑到五个装饰部分（由盖子和底座组成的两个木制人形棺材和木乃伊盖）显示出不同的技术特征和图形，对完整物体的一百多个测量点进行了非侵入性原位分析材料。在通过红外反射和可见光荧光等成像技术进行初步分析后，利用四种互补技术之间的协同作用检查了颜料和粘合剂，即 EDXRF（能量色散 X 射线荧光）、FORS（光纤反射）光谱）、反射 FTIR（傅里叶变换红外光谱）和微拉曼光谱。在一百多个点上应用不同穿透深度的技术，无需采样即可检测地层层序，开启了对禁区杰作的有趣应用。根据成像技术，涂漆表面显示出不同特征的区域：没有紫外荧光且红外反射率低的暗区，明亮的紫外荧光和高红外反射率（波长> 700 nm）和低强度的紫外荧光再次具有高反射率。红外区域。这些区域可以与标记化学元素（例如 Ba 或 Ti）或化合物的存在或不存在相关联，这些化合物可以暗示修复体的存在和时期。在这些领域，现代层与原始层的重叠是最有可能的图像地层现状。最初确定的颜料包括埃及蓝、铜基绿、碳酸钙和红赭石，位于下面的 Orpiment 黄色层。根据分析结果，在过去认为已经恢复的区域中，我们发现了蓝铜矿、普鲁士蓝、埃及蓝、朱砂、赭石、铬红、铬绿、铜基绿、锌黄和铅白。还通过原位 FTIR 测量检测到由天然树脂组成的层；通过实验室分析，可以更准确地将树脂鉴定为乳香。根据分析结果，在过去认为已经恢复的区域中，我们发现了蓝铜矿、普鲁士蓝、埃及蓝、朱砂、赭石、铬红、铬绿、铜基绿、锌黄和铅白。还通过原位 FTIR 测量检测到由天然树脂组成的层；通过实验室分析，可以更准确地将树脂鉴定为乳香。根据分析结果，在过去认为已经恢复的区域中，我们发现了蓝铜矿、普鲁士蓝、埃及蓝、朱砂、赭石、铬红、铬绿、铜基绿、锌黄和铅白。还通过原位 FTIR 测量检测到由天然树脂组成的层；通过实验室分析，可以更准确地将树脂鉴定为乳香。