If you haven’t measured something, you really don’t know much about it.—Karl Pearson (attributed)

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms represent an important and often unappreciated cause of morbidity in diabetes, although the significance of this burden across the spectrum of patients and the underlying pathophysiology, including the relationship of symptoms with glycemic control, remain poorly defined. The relevance of GI symptoms and the necessity for their accurate assessment have increased with the greater focus on the gut as a therapeutic target for glucose lowering. This review addresses the prevalence, assessment, pathogenesis, and management of GI symptoms in diabetes, beginning with broad principles and then focusing on specific segments of the GI tract. We initially performed a literature search of PubMed by using synonyms and combinations of the following search terms: “gastrointestinal symptoms”, “diabetes”, “prevalence”, “pathogenesis”, “diagnosis”, and “management”. We restricted the search results to English only. Review papers and meta-analyses are presented as the highest level of evidence where possible followed by randomized controlled trials, uncontrolled trials, retrospective and observational data, and expert opinion.

如果您没有测量任何东西，那么您实际上对此并不了解。-卡尔·皮尔森（Karl Pearson）（归属）

胃肠道（GI）症状是糖尿病发病的重要原因，并且常常是未被认识的原因，尽管这种负担在患者中的重要性以及潜在的病理生理学（包括症状与血糖控制的关系）的意义仍然不明确。胃肠道症状的相关性和对其进行准确评估的必要性随着对肠道作为降低血糖的治疗靶点的更多关注而增加。这篇综述从广泛的原则开始，然后着重于胃肠道的特定部分，探讨了糖尿病中胃肠道症状的患病率，评估，发病机制和管理。我们最初使用以下搜索词的同义词和组合对PubMed进行了文献搜索：“胃肠道症状”，“糖尿病”，“患病率”，“发病机理”，“诊断”和“管理”。我们仅将搜索结果限制为英语。在可能的情况下，评论文章和荟萃分析是最高水平的证据，随后是随机对照试验，非对照试验，回顾性和观察性数据以及专家意见。