Cyanotoxins produced by toxic cyanobacteria pose a major, worldwide environmental threat to freshwater ecosystems. Microcystins (MCs) are considered to be the most hazardous groups. Indeed, some of the largest aquatic ecosystems on the earth are being contaminated with MCs. Questions have arisen regarding their transfer and bioaccumulation in natural environment. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding toxic cyanobacteria and MCs, with a specific focus on their distribution in different components of aquatic ecosystems. Their accumulation in water columns, aquatic animals, plants, and sediments is summarized. MCs have been contaminating all areas of the aquatic ecosystems. Of these, the water column was the most contaminated with MCs and served as an intermediate transmission substation. Via this route, MCs could enter to other stations such as sediment, animals, aquatic and terrestrial plants. Therefore, the use of water contaminated with MCs may induce food chain contaminations with considerable health risks.

由有毒的蓝细菌产生的氰毒素对淡水生态系统构成了重大的全球性环境威胁。微囊藻毒素（MCs）被认为是最危险的人群。确实，地球上一些最大的水生生态系统正受到MC的污染。关于它们在自然环境中的转移和生物积累的问题已经出现。这篇综述总结了关于有毒的蓝细菌和MCs的当前知识状态，特别关注它们在水生生态系统不同组成部分中的分布。总结了它们在水柱，水生动物，植物和沉积物中的积累。MC一直在污染水生生态系统的所有区域。在这些水柱中，MC污染最严重，并作为中间传输变电站。通过这条路线，MC可以进入其他站点，例如沉积物，动物，水生和陆生植物。因此，使用被MC污染的水可能会导致食物链污染，并具有相当大的健康风险。