In this study NiO nanostructures were synthesized via combinational synthetic method (Ultrasound-assisted biosynthesis) and immobilized on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a highly sensitive and selective enzyme-less sensor for urea detection. NiO-NPs were fully characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, BET, TGA, FT-IR, UV-vis and Raman methods which revealed the formation of NiO nanostructures in the form of cotton like porous material and crystalline in nature with the average size of 3.8 nm. GCE was modified with NiO-NPs in aqueous solution of cetrimonium bromide(CTAB). Highly adhesive NiO/CTAB/GO nanocomposite membrane has been formed on GCE by immersing NiO/CTAB modified GCE in GO suspension. CTAB has a major role in the production and immobilization of the nanocomposites on the GCE surface and the binding NiO nanoparticles on GO plates. In addition, CTAB/GO composition made a highly adhesive surface on the GCE. The resulting NiO / CTAB / GO / GCE contains potently sensitive to urea in aqueous environments. The response of as developed amperometric sensor was linear in the range of 100 –1200 µM urea with R² value of 0.991 and limit of detection (LOD), 8 µM. The sensor responded negligibly to various interfering species like glucose, uric acid and ascorbic acid. This sensor was applied successfully for determining urea in real water samples such as mineral water, tap water and river water with acceptable recovery.

在这项研究中，NiO纳米结构是通过组合合成方法（超声辅助生物合成）合成的，并固定在玻碳电极（GCE）上，作为用于尿素检测的高灵敏度和选择性的无酶传感器。使用SEM，EDX，XRD，BET，TGA，FT-IR，UV-vis和Raman方法对NiO-NPs进行了全面表征，揭示了NiO纳米结构的形成是棉状的多孔材料，其晶体性质为平均大小3.8nm。在溴化十六烷（CTAB）水溶液中用NiO-NPs修饰了GCE。通过将NiO / CTAB改性的GCE浸入GO悬浮液中，在GCE上形成了高粘合力的NiO / CTAB / GO纳米复合膜。CTAB在纳米复合材料在GCE表面的生产和固定以及GO板上结合的NiO纳米颗粒的生产和固定中起着重要作用。此外，CTAB / GO组合物在GCE上形成了高度粘合的表面。所得的NiO / CTAB / GO / GCE对水性环境中的尿素有很强的敏感性。研发的电流传感器在100 –1200 µM尿素范围内具有线性响应^2个值为0.991，检测极限（LOD）为8 µM。传感器对各种干扰物（如葡萄糖，尿酸和抗坏血酸）的响应可以忽略不计。该传感器已成功用于测定真实水样中的尿素，例如矿泉水，自来水和河水，回收率令人满意。