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The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a ‘glymphatic’ system?
Acta Neuropathologica ( IF 12.7 ) Pub Date : 2018-02-10 , DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1812-4
N. Joan Abbott , Michelle E. Pizzo , Jane E. Preston , Damir Janigro , Robert G. Thorne

Brain fluids are rigidly regulated to provide stable environments for neuronal function, e.g., low K+, Ca2+, and protein to optimise signalling and minimise neurotoxicity. At the same time, neuronal and astroglial waste must be promptly removed. The interstitial fluid (ISF) of the brain tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bathing the CNS are integral to this homeostasis and the idea of a glia-lymph or ‘glymphatic’ system for waste clearance from brain has developed over the last 5 years. This links bulk (convective) flow of CSF into brain along the outside of penetrating arteries, glia-mediated convective transport of fluid and solutes through the brain extracellular space (ECS) involving the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel, and finally delivery of fluid to venules for clearance along peri-venous spaces. However, recent evidence favours important amendments to the ‘glymphatic’ hypothesis, particularly concerning the role of glia and transfer of solutes within the ECS. This review discusses studies which question the role of AQP4 in ISF flow and the lack of evidence for its ability to transport solutes; summarizes attributes of brain ECS that strongly favour the diffusion of small and large molecules without ISF flow; discusses work on hydraulic conductivity and the nature of the extracellular matrix which may impede fluid movement; and reconsiders the roles of the perivascular space (PVS) in CSF–ISF exchange and drainage. We also consider the extent to which CSF–ISF exchange is possible and desirable, the impact of neuropathology on fluid drainage, and why using CSF as a proxy measure of brain components or drug delivery is problematic. We propose that new work and key historical studies both support the concept of a perivascular fluid system, whereby CSF enters the brain via PVS convective flow or dispersion along larger caliber arteries/arterioles, diffusion predominantly regulates CSF/ISF exchange at the level of the neurovascular unit associated with CNS microvessels, and, finally, a mixture of CSF/ISF/waste products is normally cleared along the PVS of venules/veins as well as other pathways; such a system may or may not constitute a true ‘circulation’, but, at the least, suggests a comprehensive re-evaluation of the previously proposed ‘glymphatic’ concepts in favour of a new system better taking into account basic cerebrovascular physiology and fluid transport considerations.



中文翻译:

脑屏障在中枢神经系统液体运动中的作用:是否存在“淋巴系统”?

严格调节脑液以提供稳定的神经元功能环境,例如低K +,Ca 2+和蛋白质来优化信号传导并最大程度地降低神经毒性。同时,必须及时清除神经元和星形胶质废物。脑稳态的组织液(ISF)和沐浴中枢神经系统的脑脊髓液(CSF)是这种体内平衡不可或缺的组成部分,过去五年来,人们已经采用胶质淋巴或“淋巴”系统清除大脑中的废物。 。这将脑脊液的大量(对流)流体沿穿透动脉的外部流入大脑,胶质细胞介导的流体和溶质对流通过涉及aquaporin-4(AQP4)水通道的脑细胞外空间(ECS)进行对流传输,并最终传递液体进入小静脉以沿静脉间隙清除。但是,最近的证据支持对“淋巴”假说进行重要的修正,特别是关于胶质的作用和溶质在ECS中的转移。这篇综述讨论了质疑AQP4在ISF流动中的作用以及缺乏其运输溶质能力的证据的研究。总结了大脑ECS的属性,这些属性强烈支持没有ISF流动的小分子和大分子的扩散;讨论有关水力传导性和可能阻碍流体运动的细胞外基质性质的工作;并重新考虑了血管周间隙(PVS)在CSF–ISF交换和引流中的作用。我们还考虑了在何种程度上可能和需要进行CSF-ISF交换,神经病理学对液体引流的影响,以及为什么使用CSF作为脑部成分或药物输送的替代指标存在问题。我们建议,新的工作和重要的历史研究都支持血管周液系统的概念,即脑脊液通过PVS对流或沿大口径动脉/小动脉的分散进入大脑,扩散主要调节神经血管水平的CSF / ISF交换与中枢神经系统微血管有关的单位,最后,通常沿小静脉/静脉的PVS以及其他途径清除CSF / ISF /废物的混合物;这样的系统可能构成或可能不构成真正的“循环系统”,但至少建议对先前提出的“淋巴系统”概念进行全面的重新评估,以支持新系统,从而更好地考虑到基本的脑血管生理学和液体运输注意事项。因此,CSF通过对流或沿较大口径动脉/小动脉的分散对流进入大脑,扩散主要在与CNS微血管相关的神经血管单位水平调节CSF / ISF交换,最后是CSF / ISF /废物的混合物通常沿着小静脉/静脉的PVS以及其他途径清除;这样的系统可能构成或可能不构成真正的“循环系统”,但至少建议对先前提出的“淋巴系统”概念进行全面的重新评估,以支持新系统,从而更好地考虑到基本的脑血管生理学和液体运输注意事项。因此,CSF通过对流或沿较大口径动脉/小动脉的分散对流进入大脑,扩散主要在与CNS微血管相关的神经血管单位水平调节CSF / ISF交换,最后是CSF / ISF /废物的混合物通常沿着小静脉/静脉的PVS以及其他途径清除;这样的系统可能构成或可能不构成真正的“循环系统”,但至少建议对先前提出的“淋巴系统”概念进行全面的重新评估,以支持新系统,从而更好地考虑到基本的脑血管生理学和液体运输注意事项。通常沿着小静脉/静脉的PVS以及其他途径清除CSF / ISF /废物混合物。这样的系统可能构成或可能不构成真正的“循环系统”,但至少建议对先前提出的“淋巴系统”概念进行全面的重新评估,以支持新系统,从而更好地考虑到基本的脑血管生理学和液体运输注意事项。通常沿着小静脉/静脉的PVS以及其他途径清除CSF / ISF /废物混合物。这样的系统可能构成或可能不构成真正的“循环系统”,但至少建议对先前提出的“淋巴系统”概念进行全面的重新评估,以支持新系统,从而更好地考虑到基本的脑血管生理学和液体运输注意事项。

更新日期:2018-02-10
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