The impact of additive manufacturing in our lives has been increasing constantly. One of the frontiers in this change is the medical devices. 3D printing technologies not only enable the personalization of implantable devices with respect to patient-specific anatomy, pathology and biomechanical properties but they also provide new opportunities in related areas such as surgical education, minimally invasive diagnosis, medical research and disease models. In this review, we cover the recent clinical applications of 3D printing with a particular focus on implantable devices. The current technical bottlenecks in 3D printing in view of the needs in clinical applications are explained and recent advances to overcome these challenges are presented. 3D printing with cells (bioprinting); an exciting subfield of 3D printing, is covered in the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and current developments in bioinks are discussed. Also emerging applications of bioprinting beyond health, such as biorobotics and soft robotics, are introduced. As the technical challenges related to printing rate, precision and cost are steadily being solved, it can be envisioned that 3D printers will become common on-site instruments in medical practice with the possibility of custom-made, on-demand implants and, eventually, tissue engineered organs with active parts developed with biorobotics techniques.

增材制造对我们生活的影响一直在不断增加。医疗器械是这一变革的前沿领域之一。3D打印技术不仅可以使可植入设备在患者特定的解剖结构，病理学和生物力学特性方面实现个性化，而且还为相关领域（如外科教育，微创诊断，医学研究和疾病模型）提供了新的机遇。在这篇综述中，我们涵盖了3D打印的最新临床应用，尤其侧重于可植入设备。解释了鉴于临床应用需求的3D打印当前的技术瓶颈，并介绍了克服这些挑战的最新进展。带细胞的3D打印（生物打印）；3D打印的一个令人兴奋的子领域，本文将在组织工程和再生医学的背景下进行介绍，并讨论生物墨水的最新发展。还介绍了超出健康范围的生物打印新兴应用，例如生物机器人学和软机器人技术。随着与打印速度，精度和成本相关的技术挑战得到稳步解决，可以预见3D打印机将成为医学实践中常见的现场仪器，并可以定制，按需植入，最终，组织工程化的器官，具有通过生物机器人技术开发的活动部件。