This nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics study compared the influence of two different central Portugal exposomes, one of which comprised an important source of pollutants (the Estarreja Chemical Complex, ECC), on the urinary metabolic trajectory of a cohort of healthy pregnant women (total n = 107). An exposome-independent description of pregnancy metabolism was found to comprise a set of 18 metabolites reflecting expected changes in branched-chain amino acid catabolism and hormone and lipid metabolisms. In addition, a set of small changes in some metabolites was suggested to be exposome-dependent and characteristic of pregnant subjects from the Estarreja region. These results suggested that the Estarreja exposome may impact to a very low extent pregnancy metabolism, inducing slight changes in amino acid metabolism (alanine, glycine, and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, possibly involved in valine metabolism), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (cis-aconitate), diet, or gut microflora (furoylglycine) as well as allantoin, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, and an unassigned resonance at δ 8.45. Furthermore, the urine of Estarreja subjects was found to generally contain higher levels of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and lower levels of citrate. However, out of the above metabolites, only glycine and citrate seemed to correlate with the proximity to the ECC, with slightly relative higher levels of these compounds found for subjects living closer to the ECC. This suggested possible small effects of local pollutants on energy metabolism, with the remaining exposome-dependent metabolite changes most probably originating from other aspects of the local exposome such as diet and lifestyle. Despite the limitation of this study regarding the unavailability of objective environmental parameters for the period under study, our results confirm the usefulness of metabolomics of human urine to gauge exposome effects on human health and, particularly, during pregnancy.

中文翻译：

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通过葡萄牙（Estarreja）队列的尿代谢组学评估妊娠对妊娠的影响

这核磁共振代谢组学研究中比较了两种不同的中央葡萄牙exposomes，其中之一包括污染物的重要来源（埃斯塔雷雅化工总厂，ECC），对健康孕妇的人群的尿代谢轨迹的影响（总ñ= 107）。孕妇代谢的独立于外泌体的描述被发现包括一组18种代谢物，反映了支链氨基酸分解代谢以及激素和脂质代谢的预期变化。此外，一些代谢物的一些小变化被认为是依赖于脂质体的，并且是Estarreja地区怀孕受试者的特征。这些结果表明，Estarreja脂质体可能在很小程度上影响妊娠代谢，从而引起氨基酸代谢（丙氨酸，甘氨酸和3-羟基异丁酸酯，可能参与缬氨酸代谢），三羧酸（TCA）循环（顺式）的轻微变化。-花生酸酯），饮食或肠道菌群（糠酰甘氨酸）以及尿囊素，2-羟基异丁酸酯和δ8.45的未指定共振。此外，发现Estarreja受试者的尿液通常含有较高水平的4-羟基苯乙酸盐和较低水平的柠檬酸盐。但是，在上述代谢产物中，似乎只有甘氨酸和柠檬酸盐与与ECC的接近程度相关，对于生活在ECC附近的受试者，发现这些化合物的含量相对较高。这表明局部污染物对能量代谢的影响可能很小，其余的依赖于暴露体的代谢物变化很可能源自局部暴露体的其他方面，例如饮食和生活方式。尽管该研究由于在研究期内无法获得客观的环境参数而受到限制，