Tillage soil erosion is seen as a great problem in the Mediterranean region and is worsened by the climatic conditions. Previous studies have shown a decrease in biodiversity in arable lands across Europe. Weeds are a major component of biodiversity within agro‐ecosystems, but few studies have aimed to associate weed species with soil tillage intensity. We performed an analysis to test the potential short‐term effects of different tillage systems on weed species under our study conditions. The emerged weed data were measured, comparing a conventional tillage system with conservational tillage systems (minimum tillage and no tillage) in 2 cropping systems (monoculture wheat and a rotation scheme of barley–legume–wheat–fallow). Compared with the tilled soil, higher weed density and weed species richness were observed in the conservation tillage plots. The weed density and weed species richness in the monoculture system were higher compared with those in the crop rotation system. We used classification and regression trees to analyze the relationship between the soil tillage systems and the weed community, taking into account the climatic conditions. The results indicate that different soil tillage systems produced tree models: Silene vulgaris (L.) was associated with the MT system and high and irregularly distributed rainfall; Hypecoum imberbe Sm. and Hypecoum procumbens (L.) were linked to MT plots with low and well‐distributed precipitation rates; and Cardaria draba (L.) was present all years independently of climatic conditions but was never found in the NT system, so its presence could be regarded as an indicator of tillage intensity.

中文翻译：

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地中海条件下与土壤耕作系统相关的可耕杂草物种

在地中海地区，耕作土壤侵蚀被认为是一个大问题，并且由于气候条件而加剧了。先前的研究表明，整个欧洲耕地的生物多样性有所减少。杂草是农业生态系统中生物多样性的主要组成部分，但很少有研究旨在将杂草物种与土壤耕作强度联系起来。在我们的研究条件下，我们进行了分析以测试不同耕作制度对杂草物种的潜在短期影响。测量了出现的杂草数据，将常规耕作系统与保护性耕作系统（最小耕作和不耕作）在两种耕作系统（单种小麦和大麦－豆类－小麦－休耕轮作方案）中进行了比较。与耕种的土壤相比，在保护性耕作区观察到较高的杂草密度和杂草物种丰富度。单作系统中的杂草密度和杂草物种丰富度高于轮作系统中的杂草密度和杂草物种丰富度。我们使用分类树和回归树分析了土壤耕作系统与杂草群落之间的关系，并考虑了气候条件。结果表明，不同的土壤耕作系统产生了树模型：寻常型硅烯（L.）与MT系统和高且不规则分布的降雨有关。Hypecoum imberbe Sm。和Propebenbens（L.）与低降水量且分布均匀的MT地块相关；和Cardaria draba（L.）多年来一直存在，不受气候条件的影响，但在NT系统中从未发现过，因此它的存在可被视为耕种强度的指标。