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Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos induces reversible changes in health parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Aquatic Toxicology ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-02-06 , DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.02.001
Eman Zahran , Engy Risha , Walaa Awadin , Dušan Palić

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most common insecticides found in freshwater ecosystems, and has been detected in agricultural and fishery products worldwide. This study focused on comprehensive panel of hematological, immunotoxic and pathology changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during and after exposure to CPF at 15 μg/L (0.043 μM) (1/10 LC50, group CPF1), or 75 μg/L (0.21 μM) (1/2 LC50, group CPF2) for 14 days, followed by 2 weeks recovery. Different endpoints were used to determine effects of CPF on fish health: hematological parameters; antioxidant levels in liver and gills; innate immune parameters; expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes at mRNA level in anterior kidney and spleen; and histopathological assessment of gills, liver, and kidney tissues. RBCs were significantly decreased in CPF1 group compared to other groups only at day 3. Blood packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) showed significant increase at day 3 and 14 of CPF exposure. TLC (Total Leukocytic Counts), neutrophil counts were significantly increased in CPF exposed groups at days 3, 7, 14 compared to the control. While, lymphocytes counts were significantly increased at CPF1 group compared to other groups at day 14. Antioxidant enzyme activity in liver and gills showed significant increase of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and significant decrease in (catalase/CAT/, glutathione S-transferase/GST/, and superoxide dismutase/SOD/); in CPF exposed groups. Serum bactericidal and lysozyme activity was nominally and significantly decreased, respectively, and whole blood respiratory burst was significantly increased in CPF2 group. The cytokine expression levels showed complex changes in expression patterns. In kidney, cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) was significantly upregulated at day 1 in both exposed group. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) were significantly upregulated at day 1 in CPF1 group, and then IL-8 and TNFα downregulated at day 3 in same group. At day 7, only TNFα was up and downregulated in CPF1 and CPF2, respectively compared to control. All gene expression levels in spleen were upregulated on day 7 of exposure in the high exposed group. Histopathology showed dose-dependent changes in CPF treated groups, indicating gill, liver, and posterior kidney changes associated with oxidative stress damages. Following recovery period, all measured parameters showed varying degrees in their reversibility to the control level. These findings provide important insights about the acute toxic effects of CPF on fish and show potential to be used as biomarkers in further toxicological evaluation studies.



中文翻译:

急性接触毒死rif会导致尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)健康参数发生可逆变化

毒死rif(CPF)是在淡水生态系统中发现的最常见的杀虫剂之一,并且已在全世界的农业和渔业产品中检测到。这项研究的重点在尼罗罗非鱼(血液学,免疫系统,而且病理变化全面面板上罗非鱼)期间和暴露于CPF在15微克/升(0.043μM)(1/10 LC后50,组CPF1),或75微克/大(0.21μM)(1/2 LC 50,CPF2组)治疗14天,然后恢复2周。使用不同的终点来确定CPF对鱼类健康的影响:血液学参数;肝脏和g中的抗氧化剂水平;先天免疫参数 肾脏和脾脏中促炎细胞因子基因在mRNA水平的表达水平;以及path,肝和肾组织的组织病理学评估。仅在第3天,CPF1组的红细胞显着下降,而其他组仅在第3天和第14天的血液堆积细胞量(PCV)和平均红细胞体积(MCV)显着增加。与对照组相比,在CPF暴露组中TLC(总白细胞计数),中性粒细胞计数显着增加。而在第14天时,CPF1组的淋巴细胞计数与其他组相比显着增加。肝脏和g中的抗氧化酶活性显示丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)显着增加,而(过氧化氢酶/ CAT /,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶/ GST /和超氧化物歧化酶/ SOD /)显着下降;在公积金暴露人群中。CPF2组的血清杀菌活性和溶菌酶活性分别名义上和显着降低,全血呼吸爆发显着增加。细胞因子表达水平显示出表达模式的复杂变化。在肾脏中,两个暴露组的第1天细胞因子白介素8(IL-8)均显着上调。CPF1组在第1天白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα)显着上调,而在同一组第3天IL-8和TNFα显着下调。在第7天,CPF1和CPF2中只有TNFα上调和下调,分别与对照进行比较。在高暴露组中,暴露的第7天,脾脏中的所有基因表达水平均被上调。组织病理学显示,在CPF治疗组中剂量依赖性变化,表明g,肝脏和肾脏后部的变化与氧化应激损伤有关。恢复期过后,所有测得的参数与对照水平的可逆性均表现出不同程度。这些发现提供了关于CPF对鱼类的急性毒性作用的重要见解,并显示了在进一步的毒理学评估研究中可用作生物标记物的潜力。肾脏后部的变化与氧化应激损伤有关。恢复期过后,所有测得的参数与对照水平的可逆性均表现出不同程度。这些发现提供了关于CPF对鱼类的急性毒性作用的重要见解,并显示了在进一步的毒理学评估研究中可用作生物标记物的潜力。肾脏后部的变化与氧化应激损伤有关。恢复期过后,所有测得的参数与对照水平的可逆性均表现出不同程度。这些发现提供了关于CPF对鱼类的急性毒性作用的重要见解,并显示了在进一步的毒理学评估研究中可用作生物标记物的潜力。

更新日期:2018-02-06
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