Calcium (Ca²⁺) is considered one of the most-important biological cations, because it is implicated in cell physiopathology and cell fate through a finely tuned signaling system. In support of this notion, Ca²⁺ is the primary driver of cell proliferation and cell growth; however, it is also intimately linked to cell death. Functional abnormalities or mutations in proteins that mediate Ca²⁺ homeostasis usually lead to a plethora of diseases and pathogenic states, including cancer, heart failure, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we examine recent discoveries in the highly localized nature of Ca²⁺-dependent signal transduction and its roles in cell fate, inflammasome activation, and synaptic transmission.

钙（Ca ²⁺）被认为是最重要的生物阳离子之一，因为它通过微调的信号系统参与细胞生理病理学和细胞命运。为了支持这一观点，Ca ²⁺是细胞增殖和细胞生长的主要驱动力。然而，它也与细胞死亡密切相关。介导Ca ²⁺稳态的蛋白质功能异常或突变通常会导致多种疾病和致病状态，包括癌症，心力衰竭，糖尿病和神经退行性疾病。在这篇综述中，我们研究了Ca ²⁺依赖性信号转导的高度局限性及其在细胞命运，炎症小体激活和突触传递中的作用的最新发现。