The brain consists of neurons and much higher number of glial cells. They communicate each other, by which they control brain functions. The brain is highly vulnerable to several insults such as ischemia, but has a self-protective and self-repairing mechanisms against these. Ischemic tolerance or preconditioning is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon, where a mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain. Because of its neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or stroke, ischemic tolerance has been widely studied. However, almost all studies have been performed from the viewpoint of neurons. Glial cells are structurally in close association with synapses. Recent studies have uncovered the active roles of astrocytes in modulating synaptic connectivity, such as synapse formation, elimination and maturation, during development or pathology. However, glia-mediated ischemic tolerance and/or neuronal repairing have received only limited attention. We and others have demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, play a pivotal role in regulation of induction of ischemic tolerance as well as repairing/remodeling of neuronal networks by phagocytosis. Here, we review our current understanding of (1) glial-mediated ischemic tolerance and (2) glia-mediated repairing/remodeling of the penumbra neuronal networks, and highlight their mechanisms as well as their potential benefits, problems, and therapeutic application.

大脑由神经元和更多的神经胶质细胞组成。他们彼此交流，从而控制大脑的功能。大脑极易受到多种损伤（例如局部缺血）的伤害，但具有针对这些损伤的自我保护和自我修复机制。缺血耐受或预处理是一种内源性神经保护现象，其中轻度的非致命性缺血发作可诱导对随后脑部严重缺血性损伤的抵抗力。由于其对脑缺血或中风的神经保护作用，因此对缺血耐受性已进行了广泛的研究。但是，几乎所有的研究都是从神经元的角度进行的。胶质细胞在结构上与突触紧密相关。最近的研究发现星形胶质细胞在调节突触连通性中的积极作用，例如发育或病理过程中的突触形成，消除和成熟。然而，胶质细胞介导的缺血耐受和/或神经元修复仅受到有限的关注。我们和其他人已经证明，神经胶质细胞，尤其是星形胶质细胞，在调节缺血耐受性以及通过吞噬作用修复/重塑神经元网络中起着关键作用。在这里，我们回顾我们对（1）神经胶质介导的局部缺血耐受和（2）胶质细胞介导的半影神经元网络的修复/重塑的当前理解，并重点介绍它们的机制以及它们的潜在益处，问题和治疗应用。我们和其他人已经证明，神经胶质细胞，尤其是星形胶质细胞，在调节缺血耐受性以及通过吞噬作用修复/重塑神经元网络中起着关键作用。在这里，我们回顾我们对（1）神经胶质介导的局部缺血耐受和（2）胶质细胞介导的半影神经元网络的修复/重塑的当前理解，并重点介绍它们的机制以及它们的潜在益处，问题和治疗应用。我们和其他人已经证明，神经胶质细胞，尤其是星形胶质细胞，在调节缺血耐受性以及通过吞噬作用修复/重塑神经元网络中起着关键作用。在这里，我们回顾我们对（1）神经胶质介导的局部缺血耐受和（2）胶质细胞介导的半影神经元网络的修复/重塑的当前理解，并重点介绍它们的机制以及它们的潜在益处，问题和治疗应用。