Substance use disorders (SUD) and behavioral addictions are devastating conditions that impose a severe burden on all societies, and represent difficult challenges for clinicians. Therefore, biomarkers are urgently needed to help predict vulnerability, clinical course, and response to treatment. Here, we elaborate on the potential for addiction biomarker discovery of the opioid system, particularly within the emerging framework aiming to probe opioid function in peripheral tissues. Mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors all critically regulate neurobiological and behavioral processes that define addiction, and are also targeted by major pharmacotherapies used in the management of patients with SUD. We propose that opioid biomarkers may have the potential to improve and guide diagnosis and therapeutic decisions in the addiction field.

物质使用障碍（SUD）和行为上瘾是破坏性疾病，给所有社会带来沉重负担，并为临床医生带来了艰巨的挑战。因此，迫切需要生物标志物来帮助预测脆弱性，临床病程和对治疗的反应。在这里，我们详细介绍了阿片类药物系统成瘾生物标志物发现的潜力，特别是在旨在探测外周组织中阿片类药物功能的新兴框架内。Mu，delta和Kappa类阿片受体均严格控制了定义成瘾的神经生物学和行为过程，并且也成为SUD患者管理中使用的主要药物治疗的目标。我们建议，阿片类生物标志物可能具有改善和指导成瘾领域诊断和治疗决策的潜力。