Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse, nanoscale membrane vesicles actively released by cells. Similar-sized vesicles can be further classified (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles) based on their biogenesis, size, and biophysical properties. Although initially thought to be cellular debris, and thus under-appreciated, EVs are now increasingly recognized as important vehicles of intercellular communication and circulating biomarkers for disease diagnoses and prognosis. Despite their clinical potential, the lack of sensitive preparatory and analytical technologies for EVs poses a barrier to clinical translation. New analytical platforms including molecular ones are thus actively being developed to address these challenges. Recent advances in the field are expected to have far-reaching impact in both basic and translational studies. This article aims to present a comprehensive and critical overview of emerging analytical technologies for EV detection and their clinical applications.

中文翻译：

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细胞外囊泡分析的新技术

细胞外囊泡（EVs）是细胞主动释放的多种纳米级膜囊泡。基于相似大小的囊泡的生物发生，大小和生物物理特性，它们可以进一步分类（例如，外泌体，微囊泡）。尽管最初被认为是细胞碎片，因此人们对其认识不足，但如今电动汽车已被越来越多地视为细胞间通讯和循环生物标记物的重要工具，用于疾病的诊断和预后。尽管具有临床潜力，但缺乏针对电动汽车的灵敏的制备和分析技术仍为临床翻译带来了障碍。因此，正在积极开发包括分子平台在内的新分析平台，以应对这些挑战。预计该领域的最新进展将对基础研究和转化研究产生深远影响。