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Recombinant Poliovirus for Cancer Immunotherapy
Annual Review of Medicine ( IF 10.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-01-29 00:00:00
Matthias Gromeier, Smita K. Nair

Mechanisms to elicit antiviral immunity, a natural host response to viral pathogen challenge, are of eminent relevance to cancer immunotherapy. “Oncolytic” viruses, naturally existing or genetically engineered viral agents with cell type-specific propagation in malignant cells, were ostensibly conceived for their tumor cytotoxic properties. Yet, their true therapeutic value may rest in their ability to provoke antiviral signals that engage antitumor immune responses within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Coopting oncolytic viral agents to instigate antitumor immunity is not an easy feat. In the course of coevolution with their hosts, viruses have acquired sophisticated strategies to block inflammatory signals, intercept innate antiviral interferon responses, and prevent antiviral effector responses, e.g., by interfering with antigen presentation and T cell costimulation. The resulting struggle of host innate inflammatory and antiviral responses versus viral immune evasion and suppression determines the potential for antitumor immunity to occur. Moreover, paradigms of early host:virus interaction established in normal immunocompetent organisms may not hold in the profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we explain the mechanisms of recombinant nonpathogenic poliovirus, PVSRIPO, which is currently in phase I clinical trials against recurrent glioblastoma. We focus on an unusual host:virus relationship defined by the simple and cytotoxic replication strategy of poliovirus, which generates inflammatory perturbations conducive to tumor antigen-specific immune priming.

中文翻译:

重组脊髓灰质炎病毒用于癌症免疫治疗

引发抗病毒免疫(一种自然宿主对病毒病原体攻击的反应)的机制与癌症免疫疗法有着密切的关系。表面上认为“溶瘤”病毒是在恶性细胞中具有细胞类型特异性繁殖的天然存在的或基因工程化的病毒制剂,其具有肿瘤细胞毒性特性。然而,它们的真正治疗价值可能在于它们激发抗病毒信号的能力,这些信号参与免疫抑制肿瘤微环境中的抗肿瘤免疫反应。选择溶瘤病毒药物来增强抗肿瘤免疫力并非易事。在与宿主共同进化的过程中,病毒获得了复杂的策略来阻断炎症信号,拦截先天性抗病毒干扰素反应并阻止抗病毒效应物反应,例如,通过干扰抗原呈递和T细胞共刺激。宿主固有的炎性和抗病毒反应与病毒免疫逃避和抑制之间的斗争,决定了抗肿瘤免疫发生的可能性。此外,在正常的具有免疫能力的生物体中建立的早期宿主:病毒相互作用的范例可能不存在于具有深层免疫抑制作用的肿瘤微环境中。在这篇综述中,我们解释了重组非致病性脊髓灰质炎病毒PVSRIPO的机制,该机制目前正在针对复发性胶质母细胞瘤的I期临床试验中。我们关注由脊髓灰质炎病毒的简单和细胞毒性复制策略定义的异常宿主:病毒关系,该关系会产生有助于肿瘤抗原特异性免疫引发的炎症扰动。宿主固有的炎性和抗病毒反应与病毒免疫逃避和抑制之间的斗争,决定了抗肿瘤免疫发生的可能性。此外,在正常的具有免疫能力的生物体中建立的早期宿主:病毒相互作用的范例可能不存在于具有深层免疫抑制作用的肿瘤微环境中。在这篇综述中,我们解释了重组非致病性脊髓灰质炎病毒PVSRIPO的机制,该机制目前正在针对复发性胶质母细胞瘤的I期临床试验中。我们关注由脊髓灰质炎病毒的简单和细胞毒性复制策略定义的异常宿主:病毒关系,该关系会产生有助于肿瘤抗原特异性免疫引发的炎症扰动。宿主固有的炎性和抗病毒反应与病毒免疫逃避和抑制之间的斗争,决定了抗肿瘤免疫发生的可能性。此外,在正常的具有免疫能力的生物体中建立的早期宿主:病毒相互作用的范例可能不存在于具有深层免疫抑制作用的肿瘤微环境中。在这篇综述中,我们解释了重组非致病性脊髓灰质炎病毒PVSRIPO的机制,该机制目前正在针对复发性胶质母细胞瘤的I期临床试验中。我们关注由脊髓灰质炎病毒的简单和细胞毒性复制策略定义的异常宿主:病毒关系,该关系会产生有助于肿瘤抗原特异性免疫引发的炎症扰动。
更新日期:2018-01-30
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