Numerical modelling has gained popularity in many science and engineering streams due to the economic feasibility and advanced analytical features compared to conventional experimental and theoretical models. Food drying is one of the areas where numerical modelling is increasingly applied to improve drying process performance and product quality. This investigation applies a three dimensional (3-D) Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Coarse-Grained (CG) numerical approach to predict the morphological changes of different categories of food-plant cells such as apple, grape, potato and carrot during drying. To validate the model predictions, experimental findings from in-house experimental procedures (for apple) and sources of literature (for grape, potato and carrot) have been utilised. The subsequent comaprison indicate that the model predictions demonstrate a reasonable agreement with the experimental findings, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In this numerical model, a higher computational accuracy has been maintained by limiting the consistency error below 1% for all four cell types. The proposed meshfree-based approach is well-equipped to predict the morphological changes of plant cellular structure over a wide range of moisture contents (10% to 100% dry basis). Compared to the previous 2-D meshfree-based models developed for plant cell drying, the proposed model can draw more useful insights on the morphological behaviour due to the 3-D nature of the model. In addition, the proposed computational modelling approach has a high potential to be used as a comprehensive tool in many other tissue morphology related investigations.

中文翻译：

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应用耦合的平滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）和粗粒（CG）数值建模方法研究干燥过程中不同食物植物材料的单细胞的三维（3-D）变形

与常规的实验和理论模型相比，由于经济可行性和先进的分析功能，数值建模已在许多科学和工程流中得到普及。食品干燥是越来越多地应用数值模型来改善干燥过程性能和产品质量的领域之一。这项研究应用了三维（3-D）平滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）和粗粒（CG）数值方法来预测干燥期间苹果，葡萄，马铃薯和胡萝卜等不同种类食物植物细胞的形态变化。为了验证模型预测，已经利用了来自内部实验程序（用于苹果）和文献来源（用于葡萄，马铃薯和胡萝卜）的实验结果。随后的同胞表明，模型的预测在质量和数量上都与实验结果相吻合。在此数值模型中，通过将所有四种像元类型的一致性误差限制在1％以下，可以保持较高的计算精度。所提出的基于无网格的方法设备齐全，可以在很宽的水分含量范围（干基为10％至100％）中预测植物细胞结构的形态变化。与以前为植物细胞干燥开发的基于2-D Meshfree的模型相比，由于该模型具有3-D性质，因此该模型可以在形态学行为上获得更多有用的见解。此外，