We give a brief review of the origin and acceleration of cosmic rays (CRs), emphasizing the production of CRs at different stages of supernova evolution by the first-order Fermi shock acceleration mechanism. We suggest that supernovae with trans-relativistic outflows, despite being rather rare, may accelerate CRs to energies above 1018 eV$10^{18}\mbox{ eV}$ over the first year of their evolution. Supernovae in young compact clusters of massive stars, and interaction powered superluminous supernovae, may accelerate CRs well above the PeV regime. We discuss the acceleration of the bulk of the galactic CRs in isolated supernova remnants and re-acceleration of escaped CRs by the multiple shocks present in superbubbles produced by associations of OB stars. The effects of magnetic field amplification by CR driven instabilities, as well as superdiffusive CR transport, are discussed for nonthermal radiation produced by nonlinear shocks of all speeds including trans-relativistic ones.

中文翻译：

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超新星中的宇宙射线产生

我们简要回顾了宇宙射线（CRs）的起源和加速，强调了在超新星演化的不同阶段通过一阶费米激波加速机制产生的宇宙射线。我们认为，具有反相对论流出的超新星，尽管相当罕见，但可能会在其演化的第一年将 CR 加速到 1018 eV$10^{18}\mbox{eV}$ 以上的能量。年轻的大质量恒星致密星团中的超新星，以及相互作用驱动的超发光超新星，可能会加速远高于 PeV 范围的 CR。我们讨论了孤立的超新星遗迹中大部分星系 CR 的加速，以及由 OB 恒星组合产生的超级气泡中存在的多重冲击对逃逸的 CR 的重新加速。CR驱动的不稳定性对磁场放大的影响，