With limited current biomass utilization as a renewable resource, it is important to develop a method to convert biomass into materials to replace fossil fuel products. In this article, lignin and carbohydrate derived monomers, including 4-methylcatechol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural, were used to prepare bisphenol–furan type polyphenols. Epoxy networks were synthesized from different polyphenol monomers via glycidylation and curing steps under identical reaction conditions. The structures of bisphenol–furan trinuclear compounds, epoxide precursors, and cured epoxy polymer networks were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were conducted to test the thermo-mechanical properties of the resulting networks. These polymer materials exhibited an excellent glassy modulus (9.6 GPa), glass transition temperature (T_g) (110 °C), and thermal stability. The density and water absorption of the materials were measured. This work provides synthesis routes to highly bio-based epoxy thermosets, which paves the way towards preparing moldable polymers from wood via biorefinery products.

中文翻译：

---

基于木质素和碳水化合物衍生单体的可再生热固性聚合物

在当前有限的生物质作为可再生资源利用的情况下，开发一种将生物质转化为材料以替代化石燃料产品的方法非常重要。在本文中，使用木质素和碳水化合物衍生的单体（包括4-甲基邻苯二酚，5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）和糠醛）制备双酚-呋喃型多酚。环氧网络是由不同的多酚单体通过在相同的反应条件下缩水甘油基化和固化步骤。通过核磁共振波谱（NMR），傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和高分辨率质谱（MS）对双酚-呋喃三核化合物，环氧化物前体和固化的环氧聚合物网络的结构进行了表征。进行了差示扫描量热法（DSC），热重分析（TGA）和动态力学分析（DMA），以测试所得网络的热机械性能。这些聚合物材料显示出优异的玻璃态模量（9.6 GPa），玻璃化转变温度（T _g）（110°C）和热稳定性。测量了材料的密度和吸水率。这项工作为高度生物基的环氧热固性化合物提供了合成途径，这为通过木材通过生物精炼产品制备可模制聚合物铺平了道路。