Graphene-based materials exhibit remarkable electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, which has resulted in both high scientific interest and huge potential for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the family of graphene-based materials is growing because of developments in preparation methods. Raman spectroscopy is a versatile tool to identify and characterize the chemical and physical properties of these materials, both at the laboratory and mass-production scale. This technique is so important that most of the papers published concerning these materials contain at least one Raman spectrum. Thus, here, we systematically review the developments in Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials from both fundamental research and practical (i.e., device applications) perspectives. We describe the essential Raman scattering processes of the entire first- and second-order modes in intrinsic graphene. Furthermore, the shear, layer-breathing, G and 2D modes of multilayer graphene with different stacking orders are discussed. Techniques to determine the number of graphene layers, to probe resonance Raman spectra of monolayer and multilayer graphenes and to obtain Raman images of graphene-based materials are also presented. The extensive capabilities of Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of the fundamental properties of graphene under external perturbations are described, which have also been extended to other graphene-based materials, such as graphene quantum dots, carbon dots, graphene oxide, nanoribbons, chemical vapor deposition-grown and SiC epitaxially grown graphene flakes, composites, and graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures. These fundamental properties have been used to probe the states, effects, and mechanisms of graphene materials present in the related heterostructures and devices. We hope that this review will be beneficial in all the aspects of graphene investigations, from basic research to material synthesis and device applications.

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石墨烯基材料的拉曼光谱及其在相关设备中的应用

石墨烯基材料展现出非凡的电子，光学和机械性能，这已引起了高度的科学兴趣和广泛的应用前景。此外，由于制备方法的发展，基于石墨烯的材料的家庭正在增长。拉曼光谱仪是一种通用工具，可以在实验室和大规模生产规模上鉴定和表征这些材料的化学和物理性质。这项技术是如此重要，以至于有关这些材料的大多数论文都至少包含一个拉曼光谱。因此，在这里，我们从基础研究和实践（即，设备应用）的观点。我们描述了固有石墨烯中整个一阶和二阶模式的基本拉曼散射过程。此外，讨论了具有不同堆叠顺序的多层石墨烯的剪切，层呼吸，G和2D模式。还介绍了确定石墨烯层数，探测单层和多层石墨烯的共振拉曼光谱以及获得基于石墨烯的材料的拉曼图像的技术。描述了拉曼光谱学在研究外部扰动下石墨烯基本性能方面的广泛能力，这些能力也已扩展到其他基于石墨烯的材料，例如石墨烯量子点，碳点，氧化石墨烯，纳米带，化学气相沉积-SiC外延生长的石墨烯薄片，复合材料，以及基于石墨烯的范德华异质结构。这些基本属性已被用来探测相关异质结构和器件中存在的石墨烯材料的状态，效应和机理。我们希望这篇综述对石墨烯研究的各个方面都将是有益的，从基础研究到材料合成和器件应用。