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Reversal agents for non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants
Nature Reviews Cardiology ( IF 49.6 ) Pub Date : 2018-01-18 , DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.223
Jerrold H Levy 1 , James Douketis 2, 3 , Jeffrey I Weitz 2, 3
Affiliation  

The non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) include dabigatran, which inhibits thrombin, and apixaban, betrixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, which inhibit coagulation factor Xa. Although clinical studies of NOACs were conducted without antidotes, patient outcomes with major bleeding when receiving NOACs were no worse than those in patients treated with a vitamin K antagonist. Nonetheless, in patients with life-threatening bleeding or requiring urgent surgery, the capacity for rapid NOAC reversal is likely to increase patient safety. Three NOAC reversal agents are in various stages of development: idarucizumab, a specific reversal agent for dabigatran; andexanet alfa, which reverses factor Xa inhibitors; and ciraparantag, which is purported to reverse all NOACs. Idarucizumab is licensed in many countries, andexanet is under consideration by regulatory agencies, and ciraparantag is undergoing phase III evaluation. In the absence of licensed reversal agents for the oral factor Xa inhibitors, prothrombin complex concentrates are often used in patients taking these agents who present with life-threatening bleeding. In this Review, we summarize the approved indications for the NOACs, outline how to measure their anticoagulant effects, describe the mechanism of action of the reversal strategies, assess the preclinical and clinical data supporting their use, provide guidance on potential indications for reversal, and offer a management approach for patients treated with NOACs who present with serious bleeding or require urgent surgery.



中文翻译:

非维生素K拮抗剂口服抗凝剂的逆转剂

非维生素 K 拮抗剂口服抗凝剂 (NOAC) 包括抑制凝血酶的达比加群和抑制凝血因子 Xa 的阿哌沙班、贝曲沙班、依度沙班和利伐沙班。虽然 NOACs 的临床研究是在没有解毒剂的情况下进行的,但接受 NOACs 后大出血的患者结局并不比接受维生素 K 拮抗剂治疗的患者差。尽管如此,对于危及生命的出血或需要紧急手术的患者,快速逆转 NOAC 的能力可能会提高患者的安全性。三种 NOAC 逆转剂处于不同的开发阶段:idarucizumab,一种特定的达比加群逆转剂;andexanet alfa,逆转因子 Xa 抑制剂;和 ciraparatag,据称可以逆转所有 NOAC。Idarucizumab 在许多国家获得许可,监管机构正在考虑 andexanet,而 ciraparatag 正在进行 III 期评估。在没有获得批准的口服 Xa 因子抑制剂逆转剂的情况下,凝血酶原复合物浓缩物通常用于出现危及生命的出血的服用这些药物的患者。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 NOACs 的批准适应症,概述了如何测量其抗凝作用,描述了逆转策略的作用机制,评估了支持其使用的临床前和临床数据,为潜在的逆转适应症提供了指导,以及为出现严重出血或需要紧急手术的 NOAC 治疗患者提供管理方法。在没有获得批准的口服 Xa 因子抑制剂逆转剂的情况下,凝血酶原复合物浓缩物通常用于出现危及生命的出血的服用这些药物的患者。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 NOACs 的批准适应症,概述了如何测量其抗凝作用,描述了逆转策略的作用机制,评估了支持其使用的临床前和临床数据,为潜在的逆转适应症提供了指导,以及为出现严重出血或需要紧急手术的 NOAC 治疗患者提供管理方法。在没有获得批准的口服 Xa 因子抑制剂逆转剂的情况下,凝血酶原复合物浓缩物通常用于出现危及生命的出血的服用这些药物的患者。在这篇综述中,我们总结了 NOACs 的批准适应症,概述了如何测量其抗凝作用,描述了逆转策略的作用机制,评估了支持其使用的临床前和临床数据,为潜在的逆转适应症提供了指导,以及为出现严重出血或需要紧急手术的 NOAC 治疗患者提供管理方法。

更新日期:2018-01-18
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