The presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment is a serious concern because it may lead to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, thus lowering the therapeutic effect of antibiotics. In Vietnam, the problem is aggravated by the irrational use of antibiotics in different sectors of agriculture and human health service. Moreover, the residues of antibiotics in the aquatic environment can be spread widely due to the lack of proper wastewater treatment systems. In this paper, we aim to comprehensively review all relevant sources that discharge antibiotics to the aquatic environment in Vietnam. Apart from the common source of antibiotics from aquaculture, other activities that release considerable amounts of antibiotics into water environment are also included. Environmental concentrations of antibiotics related to those sources are studied to demonstrate their contributions to the presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment in Vietnam. As antibiotic-contained water may be used as water supply for irrigation and even human consumption in rural areas, the essence of wastewater treatment is highlighted. Finally, we also discuss the new National Action plan from the Ministry of Health for controlling the issue of antibiotic resistance in Vietnam.

在水生环境中存在抗生素是一个严重的问题，因为它可能导致出现抗生素耐药性，从而降低抗生素的治疗效果。在越南，由于农业和人类健康服务的不同部门不合理使用抗生素而使问题更加严重。此外，由于缺乏适当的废水处理系统，水生环境中的抗生素残留可能会广泛传播。在本文中，我们旨在全面审查越南向水生环境排放抗生素的所有相关来源。除了水产养殖中常见的抗生素来源外，还包括将大量抗生素释放到水环境中的其他活动。研究了与这些来源相关的抗生素的环境浓度，以证明它们对越南水生环境中抗生素的存在做出了贡献。由于含抗生素的水可以用作灌溉用水，甚至可以用于农村地区的人类消费，因此污水处理的本质得到了强调。最后，我们还讨论了卫生部为控制越南抗生素耐药性问题而制定的新的国家行动计划。