The parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of malaria. Cell communication between parasites is an important mechanism to control population density and differentiation. The infected red blood cells (iRBCs) release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transfer cargoes between cells. The EVs synchronize the differentiation of the asexual parasites into gametocytes to initiate the transmission to the mosquito. Beside their role in parasite communication, EVs regulate vascular function. So far, the exact cargoes responsible for cellular communication remain unknown. We isolated EVs from cultured iRBCs to determine their small RNA content. We identified several types of human and plasmodial regulatory RNAs. While the miRNAs and tRNA-derived fragments were the most abundant human RNAs, we also found Y-RNAs, vault RNAs, snoRNAs and piRNAs. Interestingly, we found about 120 plasmodial RNAs, including mRNAs coding for exported proteins and proteins involved in drug resistance, as well as non-coding RNAs, such as rRNAs, small nuclear (snRNAs) and tRNAs. These data show, that iRBC-EVs carry small regulatory RNAs. A role in cellular communication is possible since the RNAs were transferred to endothelial cells. Furthermore, the presence of Plasmodium RNAs, in EVs suggests that they may be used as biomarker to track and detect disease.

中文翻译：

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疟疾感染的红细胞通过细胞外小泡释放小的调节性RNA。

疟原虫恶性疟原虫引起疟疾的最严重形式。寄生虫之间的细胞通讯是控制种群密度和分化的重要机制。被感染的红细胞（iRBC）释放出小的细胞外囊泡（EV），这些小囊泡在细胞之间转移货物。电动汽车将无性寄生虫的分化同步化为配子细胞，以启动向蚊子的传播。除了在寄生虫传播中的作用外，电动汽车还可以调节血管功能。到目前为止，尚不清楚负责蜂窝通信的确切货物。我们从培养的iRBC中分离出电动汽车，以确定其小RNA含量。我们确定了几种类型的人类和血浆调控RNA。尽管miRNA和tRNA衍生的片段是最丰富的人类RNA，但我们还发现了Y-RNA，金库RNA，snoRNA和piRNA。有趣的是，我们发现了约120个纤溶酶体RNA，包括编码输出蛋白和参与耐药性的蛋白的mRNA，以及非编码RNA，如rRNA，小核（snRNA）和tRNA。这些数据表明，iRBC-EV携带小的调节RNA。由于RNA已转移至内皮细胞，因此可能在细胞通讯中发挥作用。此外，在电动汽车中，疟原虫RNA的存在表明它们可以用作追踪和检测疾病的生物标记。由于RNA已转移至内皮细胞，因此可能在细胞通讯中发挥作用。此外，在电动汽车中，疟原虫RNA的存在表明它们可以用作追踪和检测疾病的生物标记。由于RNA已转移至内皮细胞，因此可能在细胞通讯中发挥作用。此外，在电动汽车中，疟原虫RNA的存在表明它们可以用作追踪和检测疾病的生物标记。