The exponential growth in published studies on phosphorescent metal complexes has been triggered by their utilization in optoelectronics, solar energy conversion, and biological labeling applications. Very recent breakthroughs in organic photoredox transformations have further increased the research efforts dedicated to discerning the inner workings and structure–property relationships of these chromophores. Initially, the principal focus was on the Ru(II)-tris-diimine complex family. However, the limited photostability and lack of luminescence tunability discovered in these complexes prompted a broadening of the research to include 5d transition metal ions. The resulting increase in ligand field splitting prevents the population of antibonding e_g* orbitals and widens the energy range available for color tuning. Particular attention was given to Ir(III), and its cyclometalated, cationic complexes have now replaced Ru(II) in the vast majority of applications.

中文翻译：

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用于光化学能转换和光电的阳离子，环金属化Ir（III）配合物的明智设计

磷光金属络合物在光电，太阳能转换和生物标记应用中的应用已触发了已发表的有关磷光金属络合物研究的指数式增长。有机光氧化还原转换的最新突破进一步加大了致力于识别这些生色团的内部工作原理和结构-性质关系的研究力度。最初，主要重点是Ru（II）-tris-diimine配合物家族。但是，在这些络合物中发现的有限的光稳定性和缺乏发光可调性促使研究范围扩大到包括5d过渡金属离子。在配位体场分裂所得增加防止反键E中的人口_克*轨道并扩大可用于颜色调整的能量范围。Ir（III）特别受到关注，其环金属化的阳离子络合物现已在绝大多数应用中取代了Ru（II）。