Both high-resolution magic-angle-spinning (HRMAS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) NMR spectroscopies were applied here to identify the changes of metabolome, morphology, and structural properties induced in seeds (caryopses) of maize plants grown at field level under either mineral or compost fertilization in combination with the inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The metabolome of intact caryopses was examined by HRMAS-NMR, while the morphological aspects, endosperm properties and seed water distribution were investigated by MRI. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to evaluate ¹H CPMG (Carr-Purcel-Meiboom-Gill) HRMAS spectra as well as several MRI-derived parameters (T₁, T₂, and self-diffusion coefficients) of intact maize caryopses. PCA score-plots from spectral results indicated that both seeds metabolome and structural properties depended on the specific field treatment undergone by maize plants. Our findings show that a combination of multivariate statistical analyses with advanced and nondestructive NMR techniques, such as HRMAS and MRI, enables the evaluation of the effects induced on maize caryopses by different fertilization and management practices at field level. The spectroscopic approach adopted here may become useful for the objective appraisal of the quality of seeds produced under a sustainable agriculture.

中文翻译：

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高分辨率魔角旋转核磁共振和磁共振成像光谱法区分不同肥料和丛枝菌根真菌处理植物的玉米种子的代谢组和结构特性

在此应用高分辨率魔角旋转（HRMAS）和磁共振成像（MRI）NMR光谱学来鉴定在田间水平下生长的玉米植物的种子（扇形）中的代谢组，形态和结构特性的变化。矿物质肥料或堆肥肥料，以及丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）的接种。通过HRMAS-NMR检查完整章鱼的代谢组，而通过MRI检查形态学，胚乳特性和种子水分分布。应用主成分分析（PCA）评估¹ H CPMG（Carr-Purcel-Meiboom-Gill）HRMAS光谱以及一些MRI衍生参数（T ₁，T ₂，以及完整的玉米颈章鱼的自扩散系数）。光谱结果的PCA得分图表明，种子的代谢组和结构特性均取决于玉米植物经过特定的田间处理。我们的研究结果表明，将多元统计分析与高级和无损NMR技术（例如HRMAS和MRI）相结合，可以评估田间水平上不同施肥和管理实践对玉米冠突产生的影响。此处采用的光谱方法可能对客观评估可持续农业生产的种子的质量很有用。