Nanotechnology has seen exponential growth in last decade due to its unique physicochemical properties; however, the risk associated with this emerging technology has withdrawn ample attention in the past decade. Nanotoxicity is majorly contributed to the small size and large surface area of nanomaterials, which allow easy dispersion and invasion of anatomical barriers in human body. Unique physio-chemical properties of nanoparticles make the investigation of their toxic consequences intricate and challenging. This makes it important to have an in-depth knowledge of different mechanisms involved in nanomaterials's action and toxicity. Nano-toxicity has various effects on human health and diseases as they can easily enter into the humans via different routes, mainly respiratory, dermal, and gastrointestinal routes. This also limits the use of nanomaterials as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. This review focuses on the nanomaterial–cell interactions leading to toxicological responses. Different mechanisms involved in nanoparticle-mediated toxicity with the main focus on oxidative stress, genotoxic, and carcinogenic potential has also been discussed. Different methods and techniques used for the characterization of nanomaterials in food and other biological matrices have also been discussed in detail. Nano-toxicity on different organs—with the major focus on the cardiac and respiratory system—have been discussed. Conclusively, the risk management of nanotoxicity is also summarized. This review provides a better understanding of the current scenario of the nanotoxicology, disease progression due to nanomaterials, and their use in the food industry and medical therapeutics. Briefly, the required rules, regulations, and the need of policy makers has been discussed critically.

中文翻译：

---

粮食和农业中的纳米材料：安全问题和法规问题概述

纳米技术由于其独特的物理化学特性，在过去十年中呈指数增长。然而，在过去的十年中，与这种新兴技术相关的风险已经引起了人们的广泛关注。纳米毒性主要是由于纳米材料的尺寸小和表面积大，这使得人体中的解剖屏障易于分散和侵入。纳米粒子独特的理化性质使得对其毒性后果的研究变得复杂而具有挑战性。因此，重要的是要深入了解纳米材料的作用和毒性所涉及的不同机制。纳米毒性对人体健康和疾病有多种影响，因为它们很容易通过不同途径进入人体，主要是呼吸，皮肤和胃肠道。这也限制了纳米材料作为治疗和诊断工具的使用。这篇综述着重于导致毒理学反应的纳米材料与细胞之间的相互作用。还讨论了涉及纳米粒子介导的毒性的不同机制，主要集中在氧化应激，遗传毒性和致癌性上。还详细讨论了用于表征食品和其他生物基质中纳米材料的不同方法和技术。已经讨论了对不同器官的纳米毒性-主要针对心脏和呼吸系统。最后，还总结了纳米毒性的风险管理。这篇评论更好地了解了纳米毒理学的当前情况，由于纳米材料导致的疾病进展，及其在食品工业和医学治疗中的用途。简而言之，已经严格讨论了所需的规则，法规和决策者的需求。