Significant progress on upconversion‐nanoparticle (UCNP)‐based probes is witnessed in recent years. Compared with traditional fluorescent probes (e.g., organic dyes, metal complexes, or inorganic quantum dots), UCNPs have many advantages such as non‐autofluorescence, high chemical stability, large light‐penetration depth, long lifetime, and less damage to samples. This article focuses on recent achievements in the usage of lanthanide‐doped UCNPs as efficient probes for biodetection since 2014. The mechanisms of upconversion as well as the luminescence resonance energy transfer process is introduced first, followed by a detailed summary on the recent researches of UCNP‐based biodetections including the detection of inorganic ions, gas molecules, reactive oxygen species, and thiols and hydrogen sulfide.

中文翻译：

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用于检测生物系统中小分子和离子的功能化上转换纳米颗粒的最新进展

近年来，基于上转换纳米颗粒（UCNP）的探针取得了重大进展。与传统的荧光探针（如有机染料、金属配合物或无机量子点）相比，UCNPs具有非自发荧光、化学稳定性高、透光深度大、寿命长、对样品损伤小等优点。本文重点介绍了自2014年以来稀土掺杂UCNPs作为高效生物检测探针的最新进展。首先介绍了上转换机制以及发光共振能量转移过程，然后详细总结了UCNPs的最新研究成果基于生物检测，包括无机离子、气体分子、活性氧、硫醇和硫化氢的检测。