A recent study on nanoparticle-induced hypersensitivity reactions in pigs showed robust pulmonary intravascular macrophage clearance of Polybead^® carboxylate microspheres in mediating the adverse cardiopulmonary distress, irrespective of the ability of these particles to activate the complement (C) system in vitro. Focusing on this observation, this article highlights the controversies in projecting in vitro C assay data to in vivo conditions and applying data on polystyrene particles to therapeutic nanopharmaceuticals. Based on overwhelming evidence of a role of anaphylatoxins in hypersensitivity reactions, the need to further explore the role of C activation in the reported and other reactions is highlighted. C-activation-related and C-independent pseudoallergies (CARPA and CIPA) can proceed simultaneously, as outlined by the ‘double-hit’ hypothesis.

对猪纳米颗粒诱导的超敏反应最近的研究显示Polybead的鲁棒性肺血管内的巨噬细胞清除^®在介导的不良心肺窘迫羧酸的微球，而不论这些颗粒的激活补体（C）系统的能力在体外进行。着眼于此观察，本文重点介绍了将体外C分析数据投影到体内的争议条件，并将有关聚苯乙烯颗粒的数据应用于治疗性纳米药物。基于过敏毒素在超敏反应中作用的压倒性证据，有必要进一步探讨C活化在报道的反应和其他反应中的作用。C激活相关和C独立的假性过敏（CARPA和CIPA）可以同时进行，如“双重打击”假说所概述的那样。