Multijunction cells may offer a cost-effective route to boost the efficiency of industrial photovoltaics. For any technology to be deployed in the field, its performance under actual operating conditions is extremely important. In this perspective, we evaluate the impact of spectrum, light intensity, and module temperature variations on the efficiency of tandem devices with crystalline silicon bottom cells with a particular focus on perovskite top cells. We consider devices with different efficiencies and calculate their energy yields using field data from Denver. We find that annual losses due to differences between operating conditions and standard test conditions are similar for single-junction and four-terminal tandem devices. The additional loss for the two-terminal tandem configuration caused by current mismatch reduces its performance ratio by only 1.7% when an optimal top cell bandgap is used. Additionally, the unusual bandgap temperature dependence of perovskites is shown to have a positive, compensating effect on current mismatch.

中文翻译：

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串联太阳能电池的现场性能与标准测试条件效率以及钙钛矿/硅器件的奇异情况

多结电池可以提供一种经济有效的途径来提高工业光伏发电的效率。对于要在现场部署的任何技术，其在实际操作条件下的性能都非常重要。从这个角度出发，我们评估了光谱，光强度和模块温度变化对具有晶体硅底部电池的串联设备效率的影响，其中重点是钙钛矿顶部电池。我们考虑具有不同效率的设备，并使用来自丹佛的现场数据计算其能量产出。我们发现，由于工作条件和标准测试条件之间的差异而导致的年度损失对于单结点和四端串联装置来说是相似的。当使用最佳的顶部电池带隙时，电流不匹配导致的双端串联配置的额外损耗仅使其性能比降低了1.7％。此外，钙钛矿的异常带隙温度依赖性显示出对电流失配具有积极的补偿作用。