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Basic understanding and therapeutic approaches to target toll‐like receptors in cancerous microenvironment and metastasis
Medicinal Research Reviews ( IF 13.3 ) Pub Date : 2017-12-28 , DOI: 10.1002/med.21480
Mojtaba Khajeh Alizadeh Attar 1, 2 , Muhammad Ayaz Anwar 3 , Mahsa Eskian 1, 4, 5 , Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi 1, 2, 4 , Sangdun Choi 3 , Nima Rezaei 4, 5, 6, 7
Affiliation  

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane components that sense danger signals, like damage‐ and pathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules, as receptors, and maintain homeostasis in tissues. They are mainly involved in immune system activation through a variety of mediators, which either carry out (1) elimination of pathogenic threats and redressing homeostatic imbalances or (2) contribution to the initiation and worsening of pathological conditions, including cancers. Under physiological conditions, TLRs coordinate the innate and adaptive immunity, and inhibit autoimmune disorders. In pathological conditions, such as cancer, they can present both tumor and receptor‐specific roles. Although the roles of individual TLRs in various cancers have been described, the effects of targeting TLRs to treat cancer and prevent metastasis are still controversial. A growing body of literature has suggested contribution of both activators and inhibitors of TLR signaling pathway for cancer treatment, dependent on several context‐specific factors. In short, TLRs can play dual roles with contradictory outcomes in neoplastic conditions. This hampers the development of TLR‐based therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the interwoven TLR pathways in cancerous microenvironment is necessary to design TLR‐based therapies. In this review, we consider the molecular mechanisms of TLRs signaling and their involvement in tumor progression. Therapeutic modalities targeting TLRs for cancer treatment are discussed as well.

中文翻译:

在癌性微环境和转移中靶向Toll样受体的基本认识和治疗方法

Toll样受体(TLR)是跨膜组件,可感知危险信号(例如与损伤和病原体相关的分子模式分子)作为受体,并维持组织的体内稳态。它们主要通过多种介体参与免疫系统的激活,这些介体要么进行(1)消除病原性威胁并消除体内稳态失衡,要么(2)促进包括癌症在内的病理状况的发生和恶化。在生理条件下,TLR协调先天和适应性免疫,并抑制自身免疫疾病。在诸如癌症的病理状况下,它们可能同时表现出肿瘤和受体特异性作用。尽管已描述了单个TLR在各种癌症中的作用,靶向TLR治疗癌症和预防转移的作用仍存在争议。越来越多的文献表明,TLR信号通路的激活剂和抑制剂对癌症治疗的贡献,取决于几种特定于上下文的因素。简而言之,TLR可以在赘生性疾病中发挥双重作用,并具有矛盾的结果。这阻碍了基于TLR的治疗性干预措施的发展。要设计基于TLR的疗法,必须更好地了解癌微环境中交织的TLR途径。在这篇综述中,我们考虑了TLRs信号传导的分子机制及其在肿瘤进展中的作用。还讨论了针对TLR的癌症治疗方法。越来越多的文献表明,TLR信号通路的激活剂和抑制剂对癌症治疗的贡献,取决于几种特定于上下文的因素。简而言之,TLR可以在赘生性疾病中发挥双重作用,并具有矛盾的结果。这阻碍了基于TLR的治疗性干预措施的发展。要设计基于TLR的疗法,必须更好地了解癌微环境中交织的TLR途径。在这篇综述中,我们考虑了TLRs信号传导的分子机制及其在肿瘤进展中的作用。还讨论了针对TLR的癌症治疗方法。越来越多的文献表明,TLR信号通路的激活剂和抑制剂对癌症治疗的贡献,取决于几种特定于上下文的因素。简而言之,TLR可以在赘生性疾病中扮演双重角色,并具有相互矛盾的结果。这阻碍了基于TLR的治疗性干预措施的发展。要设计基于TLR的疗法,必须更好地了解癌微环境中交织的TLR途径。在这篇综述中,我们考虑了TLRs信号传导的分子机制及其在肿瘤进展中的作用。还讨论了针对TLR的癌症治疗方法。这阻碍了基于TLR的治疗性干预措施的发展。要设计基于TLR的疗法,必须更好地了解癌微环境中交织的TLR途径。在这篇综述中,我们考虑了TLRs信号传导的分子机制及其在肿瘤进展中的作用。还讨论了针对TLR的癌症治疗方法。这阻碍了基于TLR的治疗性干预措施的发展。要设计基于TLR的疗法,必须更好地了解癌微环境中交织的TLR途径。在这篇综述中,我们考虑了TLRs信号传导的分子机制及其在肿瘤进展中的作用。还讨论了针对TLR的癌症治疗方法。
更新日期:2017-12-28
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