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Asthma prevalence and school-related hazardous air pollutants in the US-México border area
Environmental Research ( IF 8.3 ) Pub Date : 2017-12-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.057
Genny Carrillo , Maria J. Perez Patron , Natalie Johnson , Yan Zhong , Rose Lucio , Xiaohui Xu

Background

Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children and has been linked to high levels of ambient air pollution and certain hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Outdoor pollutants such as benzene, released by car emissions, and organic chemicals found in diesel exhaust, as well as particles and irritant gases, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), contribute to an increased prevalence of respiratory diseases such as asthma.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to: 1) conduct a screening survey to identify high risk for asthma among school-age children in Hidalgo County, and, 2) study the potential health impact of school-related exposure to HAPs pertaining to asthma risk.

Methods

We carried out a quantitative cross-sectional study combining a school-based asthma screening survey across 198 schools in Hidalgo County, Texas, with information on school neighborhood environments, including census tract-level information on hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and socioeconomic status (SES) in the respective school neighborhoods. HAPs levels were assessed based on the EPA 2011 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) while SES information was assessed using data from the 2010–2014 American Community Survey.

Results

2930 students completed the asthma screening survey and results showed an overall asthma prevalence of 9.4%, slightly higher than the national and state prevalence. Participants in the 14–18 years old age group showed a much higher asthma prevalence of 16.7%. When assessing school-neighborhood characteristics, our results revealed no significant differences in asthma prevalence across census tracts with different SES levels. For HAPs, in the single-pollutant model, chlorine levels showed a significant linear trend for prevalence of asthma (p=0.03) while hydrochloric acid had a marginally significant linear trend (p=0.08). The association with chlorine remained significant in the multi-pollutant model.

Conclusions

Asthma prevalence among school-age children in Hidalgo County, Texas, is 9.4%, which is slightly higher than the state rate, especially among young adults, ages 14–18 years who had an asthma rate of 16.7%. Results support an association between exposures to school-neighborhood HAPs and risk for pediatric asthma, especially as related to chlorine. No significant effects of school-level SES on asthma risk were observed.



中文翻译:

美国-墨西哥边境地区的哮喘流行率和与学校相关的有害空气污染物

背景

哮喘是儿童中最常见的慢性疾病,与高水平的环境空气污染和某些有害的空气污染物(HAP)相关。由汽车排放物释放的室外污染物(例如苯)和柴油机废气中发现的有机化学物质以及包括二氧化氮(NO 2),二氧化硫(SO 2)和臭氧(O 3)在内的颗粒和刺激性气体导致呼吸系统疾病(例如哮喘)的患病率上升。

目标

这项研究的目的是:1)进行筛查,以识别伊达尔戈县学龄儿童哮喘的高风险,以及2)研究与哮喘风险有关的学校相关HAP暴露对健康的潜在影响。

方法

我们进行了一项定量横断面研究,将德克萨斯州伊达尔戈县198所学校的校本哮喘筛查调查与学校邻里环境信息(包括关于有害空气污染物(HAP)和社会经济状况的人口普查级信息)结合起来( SES)​​。HAPs水平是根据EPA 2011年国家空气毒理学评估(NATA)进行评估的,而SES信息则是使用2010-2014年美国社区调查的数据进行评估的。

结果

2930名学生完成了哮喘筛查调查,结果显示总体哮喘患病率为9.4%,略高于全国和州的患病率。14-18岁年龄组的参与者哮喘患病率高得多,为16.7%。在评估学校邻里特征时,我们的结果显示,不同SES水平的人口普查区在哮喘患病率上没有显着差异。对于HAP,在单一污染物模型中,氯水平显示出哮喘患病率具有显着的线性趋势(p = 0.03),而盐酸则具有边际显着的线性趋势(p = 0.08)。在多污染物模型中,与氯的缔合仍然很显着。

结论

得克萨斯州伊达尔戈县学龄儿童的哮喘患病率为9.4%,略高于该州的患病率,尤其是在14-18岁的年轻人中,哮喘患病率为16.7%。结果支持在学校附近的HAP暴露与小儿哮喘风险之间存在关联,尤其是与氯有关的风险。没有观察到学校一级的SES对哮喘风险有显着影响。

更新日期:2017-12-23
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