The layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assemble method is a promising strategy to integrate the physiochemical properties of the guest components with those of the various substrates for the design and preparation of functional materials with desirable structures and specific properties. The distinct hierarchical structures and morphologies of natural cellulosic substances (e.g. ordinary laboratory filter paper) provides ideal platforms for the surface modification with various guest species that are immobilized or deposited onto the surfaces of the exquisite structure details. The surface sol–gel technique was used to deposit ultrathin metal oxide gel film to uniformly coat the cellulose nanofibers of bulk cellulose substances and for further modification with various functional building blocks to fabricate nanostructured materials. Various guest components were successively assembled onto the surfaces of the cellulose nanofibers by means of the LbL self-assembly approach, resulting the corresponding functional materials. This methodology shows prospective potentials for designing and fabricating nanostructured materials with the combination of the structures of the natural cellulosic substances and the specific functionalities of the guest species towards superhydrophobic surfaces, chemosensors, photocatalysts, antibacterial matters and electrode materials.

逐层（LbL）自组装方法是一种有前途的策略，可以将客体组分的理化特性与各种基材的理化特性相结合，以设计和制备具有所需结构和特定特性的功能材料。天然纤维素物质的不同层次结构和形态（例如普通的实验室滤纸）提供了理想的平台，可以将各种客体物种固定或沉积在精致的结构细节表面上，从而进行表面改性。表面溶胶-凝胶技术用于沉积超薄金属氧化物凝胶膜，以均匀地涂覆散装纤维素物质的纤维素纳米纤维，并通过各种功能构造块进行进一步修饰以制造纳米结构材料。通过LbL自组装方法将各种客体组分依次组装到纤维素纳米纤维的表面上，得到相应的功能材料。