Since purinergic signaling was discovered in the early 1970s, it has been shown that extracellular nucleotides, and their derivative nucleosides, are released in a regulated or unregulated manner by cells in various challenging settings and then bind defined purinergic receptors to activate intricate signaling networks. Extracellular ATP plays a role based on different P2 receptor subtypes expressed on specific cell types. Sequential hydrolysis of extracellular ATP catalyzed by ectonucleotidases (e.g. CD39, CD73) is the main pathway for the generation of adenosine, which in turn activates P1 receptors. Many studies have demonstrated that extracellular ATP signaling functions as an important dynamic regulatory pathway to coordinate appropriate immune responses in various pathological processes, including intracellular infection, host-tumor interaction, pro-inflammation vascular injury, and transplant immunity. ATP receptors and CD39 also participate in related clinical settings. Here, we review the latest research in to the development of promising clinical treatment strategies.

自从1970年代初发现嘌呤能信号传导以来，已显示胞外核苷酸及其衍生物核苷在各种挑战性环境中被细胞以调节或不受调节的方式释放，然后结合确定的嘌呤能受体激活复杂的信号传导网络。细胞外ATP基于在特定细胞类型上表达的不同P2受体亚型发挥作用。胞外核苷酸酶（例如CD39，CD73）催化的胞外ATP的顺序水解是产生腺苷的主要途径，腺苷反过来又激活了P1受体。许多研究表明，细胞外ATP信号传导是重要的动态调节途径，可协调各种病理过程（包括细胞内感染）中的适当免疫反应，宿主-肿瘤相互作用，促炎性血管损伤和移植免疫。ATP受体和CD39也参与相关的临床环境。在这里，我们回顾了有关有前途的临床治疗策略发展的最新研究。