The growing applications of graphene materials warrant a careful evaluation of their environmental fate in aquatic food webs. Escherichia coli (Bacteria), Tetrahymena thermophila (protozoa), Daphnia magna (zooplankton), and Danio rerio (vertebrate) were used to build aquatic food chains to investigate the waterborne uptake and trophic transfer of ¹⁴C-labeled graphene. Body burden factor (BBF) and trophic transfer factor (TTF) were analyzed for each organism and food chain to assess the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of graphene. The test organisms have high potential of accumulating graphene via direct uptake from culture medium with log-transformed BBF (log BBF) values of 3.66, 5.1, 3.9, and 1.62 for each organism, respectively. In the food chain from E. coli to T. thermophila, the calculated TTFs of 0.2 to 8.6 indicate the high trophic transfer potential in this aquatic food chain. However, the TTFs calculated for the food chain from T. thermophila to D. magna and from D. magna to D. rerio are much lower than 1, indicating that biomagnification was unlikely to occur in these food chains. Body burden measured for dietary uptake by T. thermophila, D. magna, and D. rerio are higher than that via waterborne exposure in a similar nominal concentration, respectively, indicating that trophic transfer is a nonnegligible route for the bioaccumulation of graphene in organisms.

中文翻译：

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通过直接摄取或营养转移在水生食物链中生物富集¹⁴ C标签石墨烯。

石墨烯材料的不断增长的应用需要仔细评估其在水生食物网中的环境命运。大肠杆菌（细菌），嗜热四膜虫（原生动物），巨大蚤（Daphnia magna）和无脊椎动物达尼奥·里奥（Danio rerio）被用来建立水生食物链，以研究¹⁴的水生摄取和营养转移。C标记的石墨烯。对每种生物和食物链的身体负担因子（BBF）和营养传递因子（TTF）进行了分析，以评估石墨烯的生物蓄积性和生物放大率。受试生物通过直接从培养基中摄取具有很高的积聚石墨烯的潜力，每种生物的对数转换后的BBF（log BBF）值分别为3.66、5.1、3.9和1.62。在从大肠杆菌到嗜热链球菌的食物链中，计算得出的TTF为0.2至8.6，表明该水生食物链中的营养传递潜力很高。然而，TTF是针对从嗜热毁丝菌到大麦假单胞菌以及从大麦假丝酵母到雷氏假丝酵母的食物链计算的远低于1，表明在这些食物链中不太可能发生生物放大作用。在相似的标称浓度下，通过嗜热毁丝菌，大假单胞菌和雷氏假丝酵母的饮食摄入测得的人体负担分别高于通过水暴露的人体负担，这表明营养传递是生物体内石墨烯生物蓄积的不可忽略的途径。