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Key scientific issues in developing drinking water guidelines for perfluoroalkyl acids: Contaminants of emerging concern
PLOS Biology ( IF 9.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-12-20 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002855
Gloria B. Post , Jessie A. Gleason , Keith R. Cooper

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a group of synthetic organic chemicals with industrial and commercial uses, are of current concern because of increasing awareness of their presence in drinking water and their potential to cause adverse health effects. PFAAs are distinctive among persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) contaminants because they are water soluble and do not break down in the environment. This commentary discusses scientific and risk assessment issues that impact the development of drinking water guidelines for PFAAs, including choice of toxicological endpoints, uncertainty factors, and exposure assumptions used as their basis. In experimental animals, PFAAs cause toxicity to the liver, the immune, endocrine, and male reproductive systems, and the developing fetus and neonate. Low-dose effects include persistent delays in mammary gland development (perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOA) and suppression of immune response (perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOS). In humans, even general population level exposures to some PFAAs are associated with health effects such as increased serum lipids and liver enzymes, decreased vaccine response, and decreased birth weight. Ongoing exposures to even relatively low drinking water concentrations of long-chain PFAAs substantially increase human body burdens, which remain elevated for many years after exposure ends. Notably, infants are a sensitive subpopulation for PFAA’s developmental effects and receive higher exposures than adults from the same drinking water source. This information, as well as emerging data from future studies, should be considered in the development of health-protective and scientifically sound guidelines for PFAAs in drinking water.



中文翻译:

制定全氟烷基饮用水准则的关键科学问题:正在引起关注的污染物

全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)是一组具有工业和商业用途的合成有机化学物质,由于对它们在饮用水中的存在及其对健康的潜在影响的认识不断提高,目前引起人们的关注。PFAA在持久性,生物蓄积性和有毒(PBT)污染物中具有独特性,因为它们是水溶性的,并且不会在环境中分解。该评论讨论了影响PFAA饮用水准则制定的科学和风险评估问题,包括毒理学终点的选择,不确定性因素和用作其基础的暴露假设。在实验动物中,PFAA对肝脏,免疫系统,内分泌系统和雄性生殖系统以及发育中的胎儿和新生儿均具有毒性。低剂量作用包括持续延缓乳腺发育(全氟辛酸; PFOA)和抑制免疫应答(全氟辛烷磺酸; PFOS)。在人类中,即使是一般人群中某些PFAA的暴露也与健康影响相关,例如血脂和肝酶升高,疫苗反应降低以及出生体重下降。长期暴露于甚至相对较低浓度的长链PFAAs的饮用水中,会大大增加人体负担,在暴露结束后的许多年中人体负担仍在增加。值得注意的是,婴儿是PFAA发育影响的敏感亚群,与来自同一饮用水源的成年人相比,婴儿的暴露量更高。这些信息以及未来研究中的新兴数据,

更新日期:2017-12-31
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