Extreme space weather events, while rare, can have a substantial impact on our technologically-dependent society. And, although such events have only occasionally been observed, through careful analysis of a wealth of space-based and ground-based observations, historical records, and extrapolations from more moderate events, we have developed a basic picture of the components required to produce them. Several key issues, however, remain unresolved. For example, what limits are imposed on the maximum size of such events? What are the likely societal consequences of a so-called “100-year” solar storm? In this review, we summarize our current scientific understanding about extreme space weather events as we follow several examples from the Sun, through the solar corona and inner heliosphere, across the magnetospheric boundary, into the ionosphere and atmosphere, into the Earth’s lithosphere, and, finally, its impact on man-made structures and activities, such as spacecraft, GPS signals, radio communication, and the electric power grid. We describe preliminary attempts to provide probabilistic forecasts of extreme space weather phenomena, and we conclude by identifying several key areas that must be addressed if we are better able to understand, and, ultimately, predict extreme space weather events.

中文翻译：

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极端太空天气事件：从摇篮到坟墓

极端太空天气事件虽然罕见，但会对我们依赖技术的社会产生重大影响。而且，虽然此类事件只是偶尔被观察到，但通过对大量天基和地面观测、历史记录以及更温和事件的推断的仔细分析，我们已经对产生这些事件所需的组成部分形成了基本图景。 . 然而，几个关键问题仍未解决。例如，对此类事件的最大大小施加了哪些限制？所谓的“100 年”太阳风暴可能对社会造成什么后果？在这篇评论中，我们总结了我们目前对极端空间天气事件的科学理解，我们从太阳、穿过日冕和内日光层、穿过磁层边界的几个例子中总结了我们对极端空间天气事件的理解，进入电离层和大气层，进入地球的岩石圈，最后，它对人造结构和活动的影响，如航天器、GPS 信号、无线电通信和电网。我们描述了提供极端空间天气现象概率预测的初步尝试，最后确定了几个关键领域，如果我们能够更好地理解并最终预测极端空间天气事件，就必须解决这些问题。