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Distribution, variability, and predictors of urinary bisphenol A levels in 50 North Carolina adults over a six-week monitoring period
Environment International ( IF 11.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-12-18 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.014
Marsha K Morgan 1 , Maliha Nash 2 , Dana Boyd Barr 3 , James M Starr 1 , M Scott Clifton 1 , Jon R Sobus 1
Affiliation  

Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly manufactured to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins for use in consumer products and packaged goods. BPA has been found in several different types of environmental media (e.g., food, dust, and air). Many cross-sectional studies have frequently detected BPA concentrations in adult urine samples. However, limited data are available on the temporal variability and important predictors of urinary BPA concentrations in adults. In this work, the major objectives were to: 1) quantify BPA levels in duplicate-diet solid food, drinking water, hard floor surface wipe, and urine samples (first-morning void [FMV], bedtime, and 24-h) collected from adults over a six-week monitoring period; 2) determine the temporal variability of urinary BPA levels using concentration, specific gravity (SG) adjusted, creatinine (CR) adjusted, and excretion rate values, and; 3) examine associations between available study factors and urinary BPA concentrations. In 2009–2011, a convenience sample of 50 adults was recruited from residential settings in North Carolina. The participants completed diaries and collected samples during weeks 1, 2, and/or 6 of a six-week monitoring period. BPA was detected in 38%, 4%, and 99% of the solid food (n = 775), drinking water (n = 50), and surface wipe samples (n = 138), respectively. Total BPA (free plus conjugated) was detected in 98% of the 2477 urine samples. Median urinary BPA levels were 2.07 ng/mL, 2.20 ng/mL-SG, 2.29 ng/mg, and 2.31 ng/min for concentration, SG-adjusted, CR-adjusted, and excretion rate values, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates for BPA showed poor reproducibility (≤ 0.35) for all urine sample types and methods over a day, week, and six weeks. CR-adjusted bedtime voids collected over six-weeks required the fewest, realistic number of samples (n = 11) to obtain a reliable biomarker estimate (ICC = 0.80). Results of linear mixed-effects models showed that sex, race, season, and CR-level were all significant predictors (p < 0.05) of the adults' urinary BPA concentrations. BPA levels in the solid food and surface wipe samples did not contribute significantly to the participants' urinary BPA concentrations. However, a significant positive relationship was observed between solid food intake and urine-based estimates of BPA dose, when aggregated over 24-h periods. Ingestion of BPA via solid food explained only about 20% of the total dose (at the median of the dose distribution), suggesting that these adults were likely exposed to other major unknown (non-dietary) sources of BPA in their everyday environments.



中文翻译:

六周监测期内 50 名北卡罗来纳州成年人尿双酚 A 水平的分布、变异性和预测因子

双酚 A (BPA) 通常用于制造消费品和包装商品中使用的聚碳酸酯塑料和环氧树脂。BPA 已在多种不同类型的环境介质(例如食品、灰尘和空气)中发现。许多横断面研究经常检测成人尿液样本中的 BPA 浓度。然而,关于成人尿 BPA 浓度的时间变异性和重要预测因素的数据有限。在这项工作中,主要目标是:1) 量化收集的重复饮食固体食品、饮用水、硬地板表面擦拭物和尿液样本(第一天早上排尿 [FMV]、就寝时间和 24 小时)中的 BPA 水平来自成人的六周监测期;2)使用浓度、调整后的比重(SG)、调整后的肌酸酐(CR)和排泄率值来确定尿BPA水平的时间变异性,并且;3) 检查可用研究因素与尿 BPA 浓度之间的关联。2009 年至 2011 年,从北卡罗来纳州的住宅环境中招募了 50 名成年人作为方便样本。参与者在六周监测期的第 1、2 和/或 6 周内完成日记并收集样本。固体食品 (n = 775)、饮用水 (n = 50) 和表面擦拭样品 (n = 138) 中分别检测出 38%、4% 和 99% 的 BPA。2477 份尿液样本中 98% 检测到总 BPA(游离加结合)。尿中 BPA 浓度、SG 调整值、CR 调整值和排泄率值的中位值分别为 2.07 ng/mL、2.20 ng/mL-SG、2.29 ng/mg 和 2.31 ng/min。BPA 的组内相关系数 (ICC) 估计值显示,在一天、一周和六周内,所有尿液样本类型和方法的再现性都很差 (≤ 0.35)。六周内收集的 CR 调整的就寝时间需要最少、实际数量的样本 (n = 11) 才能获得可靠的生物标志物估计值 (ICC = 0.80)。线性混合效应模型的结果表明,性别、种族、季节和 CR 水平都是成人尿 BPA 浓度的显着预测因素 (p < 0.05)。固体食品和表面擦拭样品中的 BPA 水平对参与者尿液中的 BPA 浓度没有显着影响。然而,当在 24 小时内汇总时,固体食物摄入量与基于尿液的 BPA 剂量估计值之间存在显着的正相关关系。通过固体食物摄入 BPA 仅解释了总剂量的约 20%(剂量分布的中位数),这表明这些成年人可能在日常环境中接触过其他主要未知(非饮食)来源的 BPA。

更新日期:2017-12-19
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