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Stromal PD-L1+regulatory T cells and PD-1+CD8+ T cells define the response of different subsets of non-small-cell lung cancer to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy
Journal of Thoracic Oncology ( IF 20.4 ) Pub Date : 2018-04-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.11.132
Si-Pei Wu , Ri-Qiang Liao , Hai-Yan Tu , Wen-Jun Wang , Zhong-Yi Dong , Shu-Mei Huang , Wei-Bang Guo , Lan-Ying Gou , Hui-Wen Sun , Qi Zhang , Zhi Xie , Li-Xu Yan , Jian Su , Jin-Ji Yang , Wen-Zhao Zhong , Xu-Chao Zhang , Yi-Long Wu

Introduction: Inhibition of programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) and its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) by using an immune checkpoint inhibitor has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for NSCLC. The correlation of PD‐L1 expression in tumor cells with treatment outcomes has been reported in many pivotal trials; however, the relationship remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that those patients with both high density of PD‐1–positive CD8 and PD‐L1–positive CD4‐positive CD25‐positive (PD‐1hi PD‐L1hi) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a better response to PD1/PD‐L1 blockade. Methods: In our study between April 1, 2014, and May 30, 2017, a total of 73 NSCLC peripheral blood samples and fresh tumor specimens were collected for study. Of these, 42 large (10‐mm3) fresh tumor specimens were obtained from surgical procedures and checked for expression of immunology biomarkers, including PD‐L1, PD‐1, CD8, CD4, and CD25, in tumor cells and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence (IF). Moreover, 31 small biopsy specimens from patients who received immunotherapy (pembrolizumab or nivolumab) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and IF. The correlation between flow cytometry and IF detected for TILs’ density was evaluated by Spearman's rank correlation test; the primary end point was progression‐free survival. For the PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade assay, the TILs and peripheral blood mononuclear CD8 T cells were cultured (1×105 per well) with anti–PD‐1 (clone MIH4), anti–PD‐L1 (clone MIH1). The cytotoxic activity of TILs in killing NSCLC cells after stimulation by anti–PD‐1 and anti–PD‐L1 was measured by a conventional 51Cr release assay. Results: We first identified a population of high–PD‐L1–expressing CD25‐positive CD4‐positive T cells (PD‐L1hi Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment. The frequency of PD‐L1hi Tregs was higher in tumor tissue (mean 48.6 ± 14.3% in CD25‐positive CD3‐positive CD4‐positive T cells) than in blood (mean 35.4 ± 10.2% in CD25‐positive CD3‐positive CD4‐positive T cells) and normal tissue (mean 38.6 ± 9.7% in CD25‐positive CD3‐positive CD4‐positive T cells) (p < 0.05), as determined by flow cytometry. The frequency of PD‐L1hi Tregs was positively correlated with PD‐1–positive CD8 in Tregs. In addition, the TILs from these patients (PD‐1hi PD‐L1hi) showed PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway dependence and could induce a greater killing effect of TILs by PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade treatment. The patients with PD‐L1–positive NSCLC with PD‐1hi PD‐L1hi TILs showed a better clinical outcome than those with a low frequency of PD‐1hi CD8 or PD‐L1hi Tregs (median progression‐free survival not reached versus 2 months). Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the density of PD‐L1–positive CD4‐positive CD25‐positive Tregs in the tumor microenvironment can serve as a diagnostic factor to supplement PD‐L1 expression in tumor cells and predict the response to PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade immunotherapy in NSCLC.

中文翻译:

基质 PD-L1+调节性 T 细胞和 PD-1+CD8+ T 细胞定义了非小细胞肺癌不同亚群对 PD-1/PD-L1 阻断免疫疗法的反应

简介:使用免疫检查点抑制剂抑制程序性细胞死亡-1 (PD-1) 及其配体程序性死亡配体 1 (PD-L1) 已成为一种有前途的非小细胞肺癌免疫疗法。许多关键试验都报道了肿瘤细胞中 PD-L1 表达与治疗结果的相关性;然而,这种关系仍不清楚。在这里,我们证明那些同时具有高密度 PD-1 阳性 CD8 和 PD-L1 阳性 CD4 阳性 CD25 阳性(PD-1hi PD-L1hi)调节性 T 细胞(Tregs)的患者对 PD1 有更好的反应/PD-L1 阻断。方法:在我们2014年4月1日至2017年5月30日的研究中,共收集73份NSCLC外周血样本和新鲜肿瘤标本进行研究。这些,从外科手术中获取 42 个大 (10-mm3) 新鲜肿瘤标本,并检查肿瘤细胞和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞 (TIL) 中免疫学生物标志物的表达,包括 PD-L1、PD-1、CD8、CD4 和 CD25通过流式细胞术、免疫组织化学和免疫荧光 (IF)。此外,还通过免疫组织化学和 IF 分析了来自接受免疫治疗(派姆单抗或纳武单抗)的患者的 31 份小活检标本。流式细胞术与检测到的 TILs 密度的 IF 之间的相关性通过 Spearman 等级相关性检验进行评估;主要终点是无进展生存期。对于 PD-1/PD-L1 阻断试验,将 TIL 和外周血单核 CD8 T 细胞与抗 PD-1(克隆 MIH4)、抗 PD-L1(克隆 MIH1)一起培养(每孔 1×105) . 通过传统的 51Cr 释放测定法测量 TILs 在抗 PD-1 和抗 PD-L1 刺激后杀死 NSCLC 细胞的细胞毒活性。结果:我们首先在肿瘤微环境中鉴定了一群高表达 PD-L1 的 CD25 阳性 CD4 阳性 T 细胞(PD-L1hi Tregs)。PD-L1hi Tregs 在肿瘤组织中的频率(在 CD25 阳性 CD3 阳性 CD4 阳性 T 细胞中平均为 48.6 ± 14.3%)高于血液中(在 CD25 阳性 CD3 阳性 CD4 阳性中平均为 35.4 ± 10.2%) T 细胞)和正常组织(CD25 阳性 CD3 阳性 CD4 阳性 T 细胞平均 38.6 ± 9.7%)(p < 0.05),通过流式细胞术测定。PD-L1hi Tregs 的频率与 Tregs 中 PD-1 阳性 CD8 呈正相关。此外,这些患者的 TILs (PD-1hi PD-L1hi) 表现出 PD-1/PD-L1 通路依赖性,并且可以通过 PD-1/PD-L1 阻断治疗诱导更大的 TILs 杀伤作用。具有 PD-1hi PD-L1hi TILs 的 PD-L1 阳性 NSCLC 患者显示出比 PD-1hi CD8 或 PD-L1hi Tregs 频率低的患者更好的临床结果(中位无进展生存期与 2 个月相比) . 结论:我们的研究结果表明,肿瘤微环境中 PD-L1 阳性 CD4 阳性 CD25 阳性 Tregs 的密度可以作为诊断因素来补充肿瘤细胞中 PD-L1 的表达并预测对 PD-1/PD 的反应‐NSCLC 中的 L1 阻断免疫疗法。具有 PD-1hi PD-L1hi TILs 的 PD-L1 阳性 NSCLC 患者显示出比 PD-1hi CD8 或 PD-L1hi Tregs 频率低的患者更好的临床结果(中位无进展生存期与 2 个月相比) . 结论:我们的研究结果表明,肿瘤微环境中 PD-L1 阳性 CD4 阳性 CD25 阳性 Tregs 的密度可以作为诊断因素来补充肿瘤细胞中 PD-L1 的表达并预测对 PD-1/PD 的反应‐NSCLC 中的 L1 阻断免疫疗法。具有 PD-1hi PD-L1hi TILs 的 PD-L1 阳性 NSCLC 患者显示出比 PD-1hi CD8 或 PD-L1hi Tregs 频率低的患者更好的临床结果(中位无进展生存期与 2 个月相比) . 结论:我们的研究结果表明,肿瘤微环境中 PD-L1 阳性 CD4 阳性 CD25 阳性 Tregs 的密度可以作为诊断因素来补充肿瘤细胞中 PD-L1 的表达并预测对 PD-1/PD 的反应‐NSCLC 中的 L1 阻断免疫疗法。
更新日期:2018-04-01
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