Lipophilic substitution on vancomycin is an effective strategy for the development of novel vancomycin analogues against drug-resistant bacteria by enhancing bacterial cell wall interactions. However, hydrophobic structures usually lead to long elimination half-life and accumulative toxicity; therefore, hydrophilic fragments were also introduced to the lipo-vancomycin to regulate their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. Here, we synthesized a series of new vancomycin analogues carrying various sugar moieties on the seventh-amino acid phenyl ring and lipophilic substitutions on vancosamine with extensive structure–activity relationship analysis. The optimal analogues indicated 128–1024-fold higher activity against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, vancomycin-intermediate resistant S. aureus (VISA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) compared with that of vancomycin. In vivo pharmacokinetics studies demonstrated the effective regulation of extra sugar motifs, which shortened the half-life and addressed concerns of accumulative toxicity of lipo-vancomycin. This work presents an effective strategy for lipo-vancomycin derivative design by introducing extra sugars, which leads to better antibiotic-like properties of enhanced efficacy, optimal pharmacokinetics, and lower toxicity.

中文翻译：

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万古霉素上的额外糖：对抗多药耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和耐万古霉素肠球菌的新类似物

万古霉素上的亲脂取代是通过增强细菌细胞壁相互作用来开发新型抗药物细菌万古霉素类似物的有效策略。然而，疏水结构通常导致长消除半衰期和累积毒性。因此，亲水片段也被引入到万古霉素脂中以调节其药代动力学/药效学性质。在这里，我们通过广泛的结构-活性关系分析，合成了一系列新的万古霉素类似物，这些类似物在第七个氨基酸的苯环上带有多个糖基，在万古胺上具有亲脂性取代基。最佳类似物显示对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌具有较高的128-1024倍活性，对万古霉素有抗药性与万古霉素相比，金黄色葡萄球菌（VISA）和耐万古霉素的肠球菌（VRE）。体内药代动力学研究表明，额外糖基序的有效调节可缩短半衰期，并解决了万古霉素累积毒性的问题。通过引入额外的糖，这项工作为脂-万古霉素衍生物的设计提出了一种有效的策略，从而产生了更好的类抗生素特性，从而增强了功效，优化了药代动力学并降低了毒性。