Research on the biology of NAD⁺ has been gaining momentum, providing many critical insights into the pathogenesis of age-associated functional decline and diseases. In particular, two key NAD⁺ intermediates, nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), have been extensively studied over the past several years. Supplementing these NAD⁺ intermediates has shown preventive and therapeutic effects, ameliorating age-associated pathophysiologies and disease conditions. Although the pharmacokinetics and metabolic fates of NMN and NR are still under intensive investigation, these NAD⁺ intermediates can exhibit distinct behavior, and their fates appear to depend on the tissue distribution and expression levels of NAD⁺ biosynthetic enzymes, nucleotidases, and presumptive transporters for each. A comprehensive concept that connects NAD⁺ metabolism to the control of aging and longevity in mammals has been proposed, and the stage is now set to test whether these exciting preclinical results can be translated to improve human health.

中文翻译：

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NAD +中间体：NMN和NR的生物学和治疗潜力。

关于NAD ⁺生物学的研究正在蓬勃发展，为与年龄相关的功能衰退和疾病的发病机理提供了许多重要的见解。特别是在过去的几年中，对两种关键的NAD ⁺中间体烟酰胺核糖（NR）和烟酰胺单核苷酸（NMN）进行了广泛的研究。补充这些NAD ⁺中间体已显示出预防和治疗作用，改善了与年龄有关的病理生理和疾病状况。尽管NMN和NR的药代动力学和代谢命运仍在深入研究中，但这些NAD ⁺中间体可以表现出独特的行为，并且它们的命运似乎取决于NAD的组织分布和表达水平⁺每个生物合成酶，核苷酸酶和推定转运蛋白。已经提出了将NAD ⁺代谢与控制衰老和长寿联系起来的综合概念，现在已进入测试该令人兴奋的临床前结果是否可以转化为改善人类健康的阶段。