As nanoparticles exhibit unique properties attractive for vaccine development, they have been progressively implemented as antigen delivery platforms and immune potentiators. Recently, cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have provided a novel approach for intercepting and neutralizing bacterial toxins by leveraging their natural affinity to cellular membranes. Such toxin–nanoparticle assemblies, termed nanotoxoids, allow rapid loading of different types of toxins and have been investigated for their ability to effectively confer protection against bacterial infection. This topical review will cover the current progress in antibacterial vaccine nanoformulations and highlight the nanotoxoid platform as a novel class of nanoparticulate vaccine. We aim to provide insights into the potential of nanotoxoids as a platform that is facile to implement and can be broadly applied to help address the rising threat of super pathogens.

中文翻译：

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使用细胞膜包被的纳米颗粒对细菌感染的类毒素疫苗接种

由于纳米颗粒展现出对疫苗开发具有吸引力的独特性能，因此它们已逐步实现为抗原递送平台和免疫增强剂。最近，细胞膜包被的纳米颗粒通过利用它们对细胞膜的天然亲和力，提供了一种拦截和中和细菌毒素的新方法。这种被称为纳米类毒素的毒素-纳米颗粒装配体，可以快速装载不同类型的毒素，并且已经被研究出它们能够有效地提供针对细菌感染的保护的能力。这篇专题综述将涵盖抗菌疫苗纳米制剂的最新进展，并重点介绍纳米类毒素平台作为一类新型的纳米颗粒疫苗。