Over the last century, polymer processes involving a gas or supercritical fluid (SCF) have attracted significant attention. The attributes of a gas/SCF in polymers benefited many polymer processing applications. In polymer applications, the solubility and diffusivity of the gas/SCF in polymers are important parameters. This review discusses experimental and theoretical methods for determining gas/SCF solubility and diffusivity in polymers. The Henry's law, Flory-Huggins, Sanchez-Lacombe, Simha-Somcynsky, and statistical association fluid theories are discussed for gas/SCF solubility in polymers. The experimental methods are categorized into five: gravimetric, piezoelectric, manometric, chromatographic, and spectroscopic methods, and are compared in terms of the operating temperatures, pressures, and types of a gas/SCF. The solubility from different methods in literatures has been compared in summary plots. In addition, the main advantages and disadvantages of each of the measurement methods are tabulated. In the diffusivity section, the steady and unsteady diffusion including the Crank's, dual-mode sorption, gas-polymer matrix, free volume, mass transfer, and empirical models are reviewed. For unsteady diffusion, the pressure decay and the gravimetric method are discussed. For steady state diffusion, the permeation method is discussed as the experimental methods. The different methods used for obtaining information on diffusivity are tabulated for comparisons.

中文翻译：

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气体和超临界流体在聚合物中的溶解度和扩散率的测量方法及其应用

在上个世纪，涉及气体或超临界流体（SCF）的聚合物工艺引起了极大的关注。聚合物中气体/ SCF的属性使许多聚合物加工应用受益。在聚合物应用中，气体/ SCF在聚合物中的溶解度和扩散率是重要的参数。这篇综述讨论了测定气体/ SCF溶解度和在聚合物中扩散率的实验和理论方法。对于气体/ SCF在聚合物中的溶解度，讨论了亨利定律，弗洛里·哈金斯（Flory-Huggins），桑切斯·拉科姆（Sanchez-Lacombe），辛哈·索姆斯基（Simha-Somcynsky）和统计缔合流体理论。实验方法分为五种：重力法，压电法，测压法，色谱法和光谱法，并根据工作温度，压力和气体/ SCF的类型进行比较。在汇总图中比较了文献中不同方法的溶解度。此外，还列出了每种测量方法的主要优点和缺点。在扩散部分，回顾了稳态和非稳态扩散，包括曲柄，双模吸附，气体-聚合物基体，自由体积，传质和经验模型。对于非稳态扩散，讨论了压力衰减和重量法。对于稳态扩散，讨论了渗透方法作为实验方法。将用于获得扩散率信息的不同方法制成表格以进行比较。审查了包括Crank吸附，双模吸附，气体-聚合物基体，自由体积，传质和经验模型在内的稳态和非稳态扩散。对于非稳态扩散，讨论了压力衰减和重量法。对于稳态扩散，讨论了渗透方法作为实验方法。将用于获得扩散率信息的不同方法制成表格以进行比较。审查了包括Crank吸附，双模吸附，气体-聚合物基体，自由体积，传质和经验模型在内的稳态和非稳态扩散。对于非稳态扩散，讨论了压力衰减和重量法。对于稳态扩散，讨论了渗透方法作为实验方法。将用于获得扩散率信息的不同方法制成表格以进行比较。