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Massive Iatrogenic Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Rural Cambodia, 2014-2015.
Clinical Infectious Diseases ( IF 11.8 ) Pub Date : 2018-05-17 , DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1071
François Rouet 1 , Janin Nouhin 1 , Du-Ping Zheng 2 , Benjamin Roche 3 , Allison Black 4 , Sophearot Prak 1 , Marie Leoz 5 , Catherine Gaudy-Graffin 6 , Laurent Ferradini 7 , Chandara Mom 8 , Sovatha Mam 8 , Charlotte Gautier 1 , Gérard Lesage 6 , Sreymom Ken 1 , Kerya Phon 1 , Alexandra Kerleguer 1 , Chunfu Yang 2 , William Killam 9 , Masami Fujita 7 , Chhivun Mean 8 , Didier Fontenille 1 , Francis Barin 6 , Jean-Christophe Plantier 5 , Trevor Bedford 4 , Artur Ramos 9 , Vonthanak Saphonn 10
Affiliation  

Background In 2014-2015, 242 individuals aged 2-89 years were newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in Roka, a rural commune in Cambodia. A case-control study attributed the outbreak to unsafe injections. We aimed to reconstruct the likely transmission history of the outbreak. Methods We assessed in 209 (86.4%) HIV-infected cases the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). We identified recent infections using antibody (Ab) avidity testing for HIV and HCV. We performed amplification, sequencing, and evolutionary phylogenetic analyses of viral strains. Geographical coordinates and parenteral exposure through medical services provided by an unlicensed healthcare practitioner were obtained from 193 cases and 1499 controls during interviews. Results Cases were coinfected with HCV (78.5%) and HBV (12.9%). We identified 79 (37.8%) recent (<130 days) HIV infections. Phylogeny of 202 HIV env C2V3 sequences showed a 198-sample CRF01_AE strains cluster, with time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) in September 2013 (95% highest posterior density, August 2012-July 2014), and a peak of 15 infections/day in September 2014. Three geospatial HIV hotspots were discernible in Roka and correlated with high exposure to the practitioner (P = .04). Fifty-nine of 153 (38.6%) tested cases showed recent (<180 days) HCV infections. Ninety HCV NS5B sequences formed 3 main clades, 1 containing 34 subtypes 1b with tMRCA in 2012, and 2 with 51 subtypes 6e and tMRCAs in 2002-2003. Conclusions Unsafe injections in Cambodia most likely led to an explosive iatrogenic spreading of HIV, associated with a long-standing and more genetically diverse HCV propagation.

中文翻译:

2014-2015 年柬埔寨农村地区人类免疫缺陷病毒 1 型大规模医源性爆发。

背景 2014-2015 年,柬埔寨农村公社 Roka 新诊断出 242 名 2-89 岁的人患有 1 型人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV-1)。一项病例对照研究将此次爆发归因于不安全的注射。我们旨在重建疫情可能的传播历史。方法 我们在 209 例(86.4%)HIV 感染病例中评估了丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的存在。我们使用 HIV 和 HCV 的抗体 (Ab) 亲和力测试确定了最近的感染。我们对病毒株进行了扩增、测序和进化系统发育分析。在访谈期间,从 193 例病例和 1499 例对照中获得了地理坐标和通过由无证医疗保健从业者提供的医疗服务进行的肠外暴露。结果 病例合并感染 HCV (78. 5%)和乙肝病毒(12.9%)。我们确定了 79 例 (37.8%) 最近(<130 天)的 HIV 感染。202 个 HIV env C2V3 序列的系统发育显示一个 198 个样本的 CRF01_AE 毒株簇,到最近的共同祖先 (tMRCA) 的时间为 2013 年 9 月(95% 的最高后验密度,2012 年 8 月至 2014 年 7 月),以及 15 次感染的高峰/ 2014 年 9 月的一天。在 Roka 可以识别三个地理空间 HIV 热点,并且与从业者的高接触率相关 (P = .04)。153 例 (38.6%) 检测病例中有 59 例显示近期(<180 天)HCV 感染。90 个 HCV NS5B 序列形成 3 个主要进化枝,2012 年 1 个包含 34 个 tMRCA 亚型 1b,2002-2003 年 2 个包含 51 个 6e 和 tMRCA 亚型。结论 柬埔寨的不安全注射很可能导致 HIV 的医源性爆炸性传播,
更新日期:2017-12-04
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