In order to measure aerothermal parameters on the back cover of the ExoMars Schiaparelli lander the instrumentation package COMARS+ was developed by DLR. Consisting of three combined aerothermal sensors, one broadband radiometer sensor and an electronic box the payload provides important data for future missions. The aerothermal sensors called COMARS combine four discrete sensors measuring static pressure, total heat flux, temperature and radiative heat flux at two specific spectral bands. The infrared radiation in a broadband spectral range is measured by the separate broadband radiometer sensor. The electronic box of the payload is used for amplification, conditioning and multiplexing of the sensor signals. The design of the payload was mainly carried out using numerical tools including structural analyses, to simulate the main mechanical loads which occur during launch and stage separation, and thermal analyses to simulate the temperature environment during cruise phase and Mars entry. To validate the design an extensive qualification test campaign was conducted on a set of qualification models. The tests included vibration and shock tests to simulate launch loads and stage separation shocks. Thermal tests under vacuum condition were performed to simulate the thermal environment of the capsule during the different flight phases. Furthermore electromagnetic compatibility tests were conducted to check that the payload is compatible with the electromagnetic environment of the capsule and does not emit electromagnetic energy that could cause electromagnetic interference in other devices. For the sensor heads located on the ExoMars back cover radiation tests were carried out to verify their radiation hardness. Finally the bioburden reduction process was demonstrated on the qualification hardware to show the compliance with the planetary protection requirements. To test the actual heat flux, pressure and infrared radiation measurement under representative conditions, aerothermal tests were performed in an arc-heated wind tunnel facility. After all qualification tests were passed successfully, the acceptance test campaign for the flight hardware at acceptance level included the same tests than the qualification campaign except shock, radiation hardness and aerothermal tests. After passing all acceptance tests, the COMARS+ flight hardware was integrated into the Schiaparelli capsule in January 2015 at the ExoMars integration site at Thales Alenia Space in Turin. Although the landing of Schiaparelli failed, resulting in the loss of most COMARS+ flight data because they were stored on the lander, some data points were directly transmitted to the orbiter at low sampling rate during the entry phase. These data indicate that all COMARS+ sensors delivered useful data until parachute deployment with the exception of the plasma black-out phase. Since measured structure and sensor housing temperatures are far below predicted pre-flight values, a new calibration using COMARS+ spare sensors at temperatures below 0 °C is necessary.

中文翻译：

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用于 ExoMars Schiaparelli Lander 的组合仪表包 COMARS+

为了测量 ExoMars Schiaparelli 着陆器后盖上的空气热参数，DLR 开发了仪器包 COMARS+。有效载荷由三个组合式空气热传感器、一个宽带辐射计传感器和一个电子箱组成，为未来的任务提供重要数据。称为 COMARS 的空气热传感器结合了四个离散传感器，可在两个特定光谱带测量静压、总热通量、温度和辐射热通量。宽带光谱范围内的红外辐射由单独的宽带辐射计传感器测量。有效载荷的电子盒用于传感器信号的放大、调节和多路复用。有效载荷的设计主要使用数值工具进行，包括结构分析、模拟发射和阶段分离期间发生的主要机械载荷，热分析模拟巡航阶段和火星进入期间的温度环境。为了验证设计，我们对一组鉴定模型进行了广泛的鉴定测试活动。测试包括振动和冲击测试，以模拟发射载荷和级分离冲击。进行真空条件下的热测试以模拟胶囊在不同飞行阶段的热环境。此外，还进行了电磁兼容性测试，以检查有效载荷是否与胶囊的电磁环境兼容，并且不会发射可能对其他设备造成电磁干扰的电磁能量。对于位于 ExoMars 后盖上的传感器头，我们进行了辐射测试以验证它们的辐射硬度。最后，在认证硬件上演示了生物负载减少过程，以表明符合行星保护要求。为了测试代表性条件下的实际热通量、压力和红外辐射测量，在电弧加热风洞设施中进行了空气热测试。在所有资格测试成功通过后，验收级别的飞行硬件验收测试活动包括与资格活动相同的测试，除了冲击、辐射硬度和空气热测试。通过所有验收测试后，COMARS+ 飞行硬件于 2015 年 1 月在都灵 Thales Alenia Space 的 ExoMars 集成站点集成到 Schiaparelli 太空舱中。虽然夏帕瑞丽着陆失败，导致大部分COMARS+飞行数据因为存储在着陆器上而丢失，但在进入阶段，一些数据点以低采样率直接传输到轨道器。这些数据表明，除等离子熄灭阶段外，所有 COMARS+ 传感器在降落伞部署之前都提供了有用的数据。由于测得的结构和传感器外壳温度远低于预测的飞行前值，因此需要在低于 0 °C 的温度下使用 COMARS+ 备用传感器进行新校准。导致大部分 COMARS+ 飞行数据丢失，因为它们存储在着陆器上，一些数据点在进入阶段以低采样率直接传输到轨道器。这些数据表明，除等离子熄灭阶段外，所有 COMARS+ 传感器在降落伞部署之前都提供了有用的数据。由于测得的结构和传感器外壳温度远低于预测的飞行前值，因此需要在低于 0 °C 的温度下使用 COMARS+ 备用传感器进行新校准。导致大部分 COMARS+ 飞行数据丢失，因为它们存储在着陆器上，一些数据点在进入阶段以低采样率直接传输到轨道器。这些数据表明，除等离子熄灭阶段外，所有 COMARS+ 传感器在降落伞部署之前都提供了有用的数据。由于测得的结构和传感器外壳温度远低于预测的飞行前值，因此需要在低于 0 °C 的温度下使用 COMARS+ 备用传感器进行新校准。