Mountains worldwide host very rich biodiversity, are home to hundreds of millions of people, and provide billions of upland and lowland inhabitants with vital ecosystem services. By altering mountain ecosystems and their biodiversity, global change modifies this picture substantially. We concisely review current knowledge and knowledge gaps on mountain biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being under global change. We argue that our ability to understand, predict, and sustainably manage mountain biodiversity and to support human well-being requires concerted research efforts in natural and social sciences and comparative analyses of biological and social–ecological systems within and across mountain ranges. Specific examples illustrate how the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment will continue to support these efforts in the future.

世界各地的山脉拥有非常丰富的生物多样性，是数亿人口的家园，并为数十亿的高地和低地居民提供了重要的生态系统服务。通过改变山区生态系统及其生物多样性，全球变化极大地改变了这一状况。我们简要回顾当前在全球变化下有关山区生物多样性，生态系统服务和人类福祉的知识和知识差距。我们认为，我们要了解，预测和可持续管理山区生物多样性并支持人类福祉，就需要在自然和社会科学领域进行协调一致的研究工作，并需要对山脉内和山脉之间的生物和社会生态系统进行比较分析。具体的例子说明了全球山区生物多样性评估将如何在未来继续支持这些努力。