Relationships between biodiversity and cultural ecosystem services have been little studied compared to other ecosystem services, although fundamental for environmental management. Recreational ecosystem services like wildlife tourism are specific cultural ecosystem services that often involve relationships between the supply of opportunities to interact with biodiversity and the demand of wildlife tourists. Here, we first investigated whether different biodiversity measures based on three metrics applied to four components of large mammal diversity influenced the distribution of visitors within four Protected Areas (PAs) in Southern Africa. Second, we explored whether these effects were context-specific across the four PAs. We counted large mammals and visitor numbers along 196 road transects to test these relationships. All species-mammal diversity metrics related positively to visitor numbers. Subsets of mammal diversity were also positively associated with the distribution of visitors in all PAs. Relationships between supply and demand for the recreational service of wildlife tourism were mainly context-specific: the relationships between biodiversity measures and visitor numbers differed among PAs. Our results could help managers to optimize the use of recreational services within PAs, by diversifying viewing opportunities while reducing disturbance to wildlife. The supply-demand approach presented here offers promising avenues for further assessments of recreational ecosystem services.

尽管对环境管理至关重要，但与其他生态系统服务相比，生物多样性与文化生态系统服务之间的关系鲜有研究。野生动物旅游业等休闲生态系统服务是特定的文化生态系统服务，通常涉及与生物多样性互动的机会的供应与野生生物游客的需求之间的关系。在这里，我们首先调查了基于适用于大型哺乳动物多样性的四个组成部分的三个指标的不同生物多样性措施是否影响了南部非洲四个保护区（PA）内游客的分布。其次，我们探讨了在四个PA中这些影响是否特定于上下文。我们计算了196个道路样带上的大型哺乳动物和访客数量，以测试这些关系。所有物种-哺乳动物多样性指标均与访客人数呈正相关。哺乳动物多样性的子集也与所有PA中访客的分布呈正相关。野生动植物旅游休闲服务的供求关系主要取决于具体情况：生物保护措施与游客人数之间的关系在保护区之间有所不同。我们的结果可以通过使观看机会多样化，同时减少对野生动植物的干扰，来帮助管理人员优化PA中娱乐服务的使用。本文介绍的供需方法为进一步评估休闲生态系统服务提供了有希望的途径。野生动植物旅游休闲服务的供求关系主要取决于具体情况：生物保护措施与游客人数之间的关系在保护区之间有所不同。我们的结果可以通过使观看机会多样化，同时减少对野生动植物的干扰，来帮助管理人员优化PA中娱乐服务的使用。本文介绍的供需方法为进一步评估休闲生态系统服务提供了有希望的途径。野生动植物旅游休闲服务的供求关系主要取决于具体情况：生物保护措施与游客人数之间的关系在保护区之间有所不同。我们的结果可以通过使观看机会多样化，同时减少对野生动植物的干扰，来帮助管理人员优化PA中娱乐服务的使用。本文介绍的供需方法为进一步评估休闲生态系统服务提供了有希望的途径。